EXTINCT ORDERS OF REPTILES. 421 



with teeth to their extremities, all the teeth being long and 

 slender. 



In Dimorphodon, the anterior teeth are large and pointed, 

 the posterior teeth small and lancet-shaped. 



In Ramphorhynchus, the anterior portion of both jaws is 

 edentulous, and may have formed a horny beak, but teeth 

 are present in the hinder portion of the jaws. 



ORDER IX. DINOSAURIA. The last order of extinct Reptiles 

 is that of the Dinosauria, comprising a group of very remarkable 

 Reptiles, which show many points of decided affinity to the 

 Birds on the one hand, and to the so-called Pachydermatous 

 Mammals on the other. Most of the Dinosauria were of 

 gigantic size, and the order is denned by the following 

 characters : 



The skin was sometimes naked, sometimes furnished with a 

 well-developed exoskeleton, consisting of bony shields, much 

 resembling those of the Crocodiles. A few of the anterior ver- 

 tebrae were opisthoccelous, the remainder having flat or slightly 

 biconcave bodies. The anterior trunk-ribs were double-headed. 

 The teeth were confined to the jaws and implanted in distinct 

 sockets. There were always two pairs of limbs, and these were 

 strong, furnished with claws, and adapted for terrestrial pro- 

 gression. In some cases the fore-limbs were very small in 

 proportion to the size of the hind-limbs. No clavicles have 

 been discovered. 



The most familiar examples of the Dinosauria are Megalo- 

 saurus and Iguanodon. 



Megalosaurus is a gigantic Oolitic Reptile, which occurs also 

 in the Cretaceous series (Weald Clay). Its length has been 

 estimated at between forty and fifty feet, the femur and tibia 

 each measuring about three feet in length. As the head of 

 the femur is set on nearly at right angles with the shaft, whilst 

 all the long bones contain large medullary cavities, there can 

 be no doubt but that Megalosaurus was terrestrial in its habits. 

 That it was carnivorous and destructive in the highest degree is 

 shown by the powerful, pointed, and trenchant teeth. 



The Iguanodon is mainly, if not exclusively, Cretaceous, 

 being especially characteristic of the great delta-deposit of the 

 Wealden. The length of the Iguanodon has been estimated as 

 being probably from fifty to sixty feet, and from the close re- 

 semblance of its teeth to those of the living Iguanas, there is 

 little doubt that it was herbivorous and not carnivorous. The 

 femur of a large Iguanodon measures from four to five feet in 

 length, with a circumference of twenty-two inches in its smallest 

 part. From the disproportionately small size of the fore-limbs, 



