152 THE FORMAL GARDEN IN ENGLAND vji 



a further distinction was made between bowers 

 and arbours ; a bower was always long' and 

 arched, an arbour was either round or square, 

 domed over at the top. The older arbours were 

 formed with poles of juniper or willow framed 

 square and bound with osiers, and were covered 

 with roses trimmed and trained to the framing, 

 or with jessamine, rosemary, juniper, or cypress 

 (Markham) ; or with bryony, cucumber and 

 gourd. " Mountaine " adds that as arbours of 

 roses required a great deal of attention " the most 

 number in England plant vines for the lesser 

 travaile to nurse and spread over the upright 

 and square Herbers, framed with quarters and 

 poles reaching abreadth." These arbours fell 

 into disuse for four excellent reasons, given by 

 Worlidge : " (i) they quickly fall out of repair ; 

 (2) the seats are damp ; (3) the rain drips 

 longer here than anywhere else ; (4) they are 

 draughty, and on a hot day it is pleasanter to sit 

 under a lime-tree- than to be hoodwinked in an 

 arbour." Besides the arbours there were the 

 long covered walks and galleries, arched over at 

 the top, with a solid hedge on the outer side, 

 and openings or " windows properly made to- 

 wards the garden, wherebye they might the more 

 fully view and have delight of the whole beauty 

 of the garden." Bacon contemplated a green 

 gallery such as this to run round the sides of his 

 outer garden. There were some remarkable 

 instances in the old gardens at Wilton. The 



