en. v.] THE TWO METHODS. 123 



distinct alike from all individual men and from all men 

 taken collectively. This and that man exist; all men exist ; 

 and Man exists likewise, — such was one of the fundamental 

 theorems of the realistic philosophy. 1 Scholasticism was a 

 long and hard-fought dialectic battle, in the course of which 

 this realism, as an avowed system, was at last utterly routed. 

 And the great result of scholasticism was the purification of 

 Latin philosophic terminology from its realistic impl-^ntions. 

 By that long contest, which on a superficial view seems so 

 barren of result, the English as well as the French, and all 

 languages which derive their philosophic nomenclature from 

 the Latin, have been incalculably benefited. There was no 

 likelihood of a Hegel in any language which had passed 

 through the scholastic furnace. But German had never passed 

 through such an ordeal. Its philosophic terms had never 

 been reduced to their real value. As Mr. Lewes very 

 happily observes, it did not recognize the old ignis fatuus in 

 its new Irrlicht. Nowhere but in Germany would a Hegel 

 have been possible in the nineteenth century. And that the 

 peculiarities of the German language are to a great extent re- 

 sponsible for his aberrations, has been acknowledged by later 

 German critics. The testimony of Biichner, which on most 

 vital points of philosophy I should be very slow to cite, is 

 quite admissible here : — " The playing with high-sounding but 

 thoroughly empty words has been the fatal vice of German 

 philosophy. . . . We have often with justice been advised 

 to translate our philosophic treatises into a foreign tongue, 

 in order to rid them of their unintelligible verbiage. But 

 tssuredly few of them could bear the test." A similar com- 



1 " In the great mediaeval doctrine of transubstantiation, the schoolman 

 would have been the first to admit that no chemical analysis would detect 

 auy change in the consecrated elements. But he asserted that the indi- 

 viduality of the bread (its breadness) was exchanged for the individuality of 

 Christ (his humano-divinity)." — Pearson, Early and Middle Ages oj 

 England, vol. i. p. 613. An excellent illustration of the realistic method. 

 It was a noumenal, not a phenomenal change : the latter would have been 

 " transaccidentation. " 



