ch.viil] ORGANIZATION OF THE SCIENCES. 



219 



between aggregates and properties, or with relations aLtong 

 relations; but take no further account of aggregates or of 

 properties than is implied in the discussion of a particular 

 order of relations. For example, " the same Logical formula 

 applies equally well, whether its terms are men and their 

 deaths, crystals and their planes of cleavage, or letters and 

 their sounds. And how entirely Mathematics concerns itself 

 with relations, we see on remembering that it has just the 

 same expression for the characters of an infinitesimal tri- 

 angle, as for those of the triangle which has Sirius for its 

 apex and the diameter of the earth's orbit for its base." x 



Since then, " these three groups of sciences are, respec- 

 tively, accounts of aggregates, accounts of properties, accounts 

 of relations, it is manifest that the divisions between them 

 are not simply perfectly clear, but that the chasms between 

 them are absolute." Thus we arrive at the following 



Classification of the Sciences. 



Abstract Sciences, 

 dealing with relations, that are 



Abstract-Concrete 

 Sciences, 

 dealing with properties, that 

 are manifested 



Concrete Sciences, 

 dealing with aggregates (with 

 their properties and rela- 

 tions), as actually exei upli- 

 fted 



( qualitative ; 

 ( quantitative ; 

 /in movements of mass- 

 es; 

 in movements of mole- 

 cules ; and in aggrega- 

 tions of molecules that 

 are homogeneous ; 

 in aggregations of mole- 

 cule that are hetero- 

 \ geneous ; 



/in stellar and planetary 

 systems ; 

 in the earth ; 

 in living organisms ; 

 in the functions which 

 adjust organic actions 

 to specific relations in 

 the environment ; 

 in the mutual relations 

 of living organisms 

 grouped into commu- 

 \ nities ; 



Logic. 

 Mathematics. 



Molar Physics. 



Molecular Physic;), 



Chemistry. 



Astronomy. 



Geology. 

 Biology. 



Psychology. 



Sociology 



1 Spencer, Exeat Discussions, pp. 107 — 110. 



