458 COSMIC miLOSOFHY. [it. 11. 



gill-like slits on each side of the neck, up to which the 

 arteries run in arching branches, as in a fish ; the heart is at 

 first a simple pulsating chamber, like the heart of the lowest 

 fishes; at a later period there is a movable tail considerably 

 longer than the legs ; the great toe projects sideways from the 

 foot, like the toes of adult monkeys and apes ; and, during 

 the sixth month, the whole body is covered very thickly with 

 hair, extending even over the face and ears, everywhere, 

 indeed, save on the lower sides of the hands and feet, which 

 are also bare in the adult forms of other mammals. In like 

 manner, the tadpole of the black salamander, which is not 

 born until it is fully formed, and which never swims, never- 

 theless has gills as elaborately feathered as those which, in 

 the tadpoles of other salamanders, are destined for use. 

 Treatises on embryology are crowded with just such facts as 

 these. Now why is it that, in all cases, before a complex 

 organism " can attain the structure which distinguishes it, 

 there must be an evolution of forms which distinguish the 

 structures of organisms lower in the series " ? " None of 

 these phases have any adaptation to the future state of the 

 animal ; many of them have no adaptation even to its em- 

 bryonic state." On the hypothesis that each species of 

 organisms was independently built up by a Divine Architect, 

 how are we to explain these circuitous proceedings ? " What," 

 asks Mr. Lewes, " should we say to an architect who was 

 unable, or being able was obstinately unwilling, to erect a 

 palace except by first using his materials in the shape of a 

 hut, then pulling it down and rebuilding them as a cottage, 

 then adding storey to storey and room to room, not with any 

 reference to the ultimate purposes of the palace, but wholly 

 with reference to the way in which houses were constructed 

 in ancient times ? What should we say to the architect who 

 could not directly form a museum out of bricks and mortar, 

 but was forced to begin as if going to build a mansion ; and 

 after proceeding some way in this direction, altered his plan 



