cii. XI.] TWO OBJECTIONS CONSIDERED. 39 



great as that to whicli we had reached with the Sihirian 

 rocks ; and it is now generally admitted that even the 

 Laurentian strata are modern compared with the beginnings 

 of life npon our globe. 



But this is not all. Along v/ith the immensely long 

 geologic rhythms, which have thus entailed the periodic 

 metamorphosis of strata, there have been going on minor 

 rhythms, resulting in the alternate deposit and denudation of 

 fossil-bearing strata. Each of the sedimentary strata now 

 surviving was deposited during an epoch of siibsidence, and 

 since its elevation to its present position has been more or 

 less denuded. Now it is only during epochs of subsidence 

 that permanent fossil -bearing strata can be deposited. During 

 epochs of elevation the newly-formed sedimentary deposit is 

 rapidly disintegrated by the action of coast-waves ; and. even 

 those thin depo.^its which are made during an epoch of sub- 

 sidence are in the next-recurring epoch of elevation soon 

 worn away. It is thus only the thicker strata deposited 

 during an epoch of subsidence which have preserved for our 

 inspection a few specimens of the organisms living at the 

 time when they were deposited. 



But in close juxtaposition to this comes the remarkable 

 fact that the most rapid variation among specific forms must 

 take place during epochs of elevation. For since the only 

 variations preserved by natural selection are those which 

 bring the organism into closer adaptation to its environment ; 

 and since in most cases the organic environment of any group 

 of organisms, comprising its enemies, competitors, and prey, 

 is a much more important factor of change than its inorganic 

 environment, comprising climate and soil; it follows that 

 those periods during which groups of organisms, hitherto 

 isolated, are gradually brought into contact with one another, 

 must be the periods most favourable for specific change. The 

 most rapid variation, attended by the greatest frequency of 

 transitional forms,, will therefore occur during those epochs of 



