82 COSMIC PHILOSOPHY. [pt. ii. 



inquiries, and have contented themselves with scientific 

 methods, psychologists have made discoveries. To say 

 nothing of such recent inquirers as Bain, Wundt, Fechner, 

 and Taine, it may be fairly claimed that, among older specu- 

 lators, Hobbes, Locke, Leibnitz, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, and 

 Hartley, have by psychologic analysis made real and per- 

 manent contributions to our knowledge of mental operations. 

 And. at the very date when Comte was preparing his great 

 treatise for publication, there appeared a remarkable book 

 which, by establishing some of the fundamental laws of 

 Association, went far toward placing psychology upon a 

 scientific basis. It is not to the crude and superficial Gall, 

 as Comte would have us believe, that we must give the 

 respect due to the founder of scientific psychology : that 

 respect is due, in far greater degree, to James j\Iill, the illus- 

 trious author of the " Analysis of the Human Mind." 



Nevertheless, while psychology is a science clearly distinct 

 from biology, dealing with phenomena which may be classed 

 as super-organic, and using introspective observation as one 

 of its main implements of inquiry, it is no more than any 

 other an absolutely independent science. Since the pheno- 

 mena of Mind are never manifested to us save in connection 

 with the phenomena of Life, and since the same general 

 formula expresses the fundamental characteristics of the two 

 groups of phenomena, it follows that no complete science of 

 psychology can be constituted without the aid of biology. 

 The conclusions reached by the analysis of subjective states 

 must be shown to be in harmony with the conclusions 

 reached by the synthesis of objective phenomena, before the 

 scientific interpretation of ]\Iind can be regarded as entirely 

 satisfactory. The force of this statement becomes at once 

 apparent, when we recollect that introspective observation 

 can inform us only concerning the mental processes which 

 go on in adult civilized men. In order to understand the 

 genesis of these mental processes, we need the assistance of 



