96 COSMIC PHILOSOPHY. [pt. ii. 



of life. The amouut of normal longevity in any species 

 depends upon the definite heterogeneity of the adaptation 

 of its individual members to environing circumstances, and 

 also upon the ratio of their nutrition to their expenditure. 

 But the preponderant importance of the former factor is 

 seen in the fact that, in spite of their immensely greater 

 personal expenditure, the higher animals are, as a rule, very 

 much longer lived than the lower ones. In the civilized 

 human races also, as contrasted with the savage races, the 

 life is not only higher in degree but longer in duration : 

 the longevity of the lowest savages rarely exceeds forty-five 

 years. 



As we proceed to survey, in a single view, the various 

 truths here separately elucidated, we find that the essential 

 distinction, above insisted on, between the sciences of 

 biology and psychology, is thoroughly justified by the very 

 facts which illustrate the close connection between the two. 

 The foregoing exposition conclusively proves that in dealing 

 with the adjustments of inner to outer actions, biology 

 " limits itself to the few in which the. outer actions are those 

 of agents in actual contact with the organism — food, aerated 

 medium, and things which produce certain effects by touch 

 (as insects which fertilize flowers) ; thus leaving to psy- 

 chology all other adjustments of inner to outer actions." 

 "The moment we rose to a type of creature which adjusts 

 certain organic relations to relations of which both terms 

 are not presented to its surface, we passed into adjust- 

 ments of the psychological order. As soon as there exists 

 a rudimentary eye capable of receiving an impression from 

 a moving object about to strike the organism, and so ren- 

 dering it possible for the organism to make some adapted 

 movement, there is shown the dawn of actions which we 

 distinguish as intelligent. As soon as the organism, feebly 

 sensitive to a jar or vibration propagated through its medium 

 contracts itself so as to be in less danger from the adjacent 



