cji. XIX.] ILLUSTRATIONS AND CRITICISMS. 227 



This insuperable distinction is the fact that in a community 

 the jDsychical life is all in the parts, while in an organism the 

 psychical life is all in the whole. The living units of society 

 "do not and cannot lose individual consciousness," while 

 " the coniniunity as a whole has no corporate consciousness." 

 "The corporate life must here be subservient to the lives 

 of the parts; instead of the lives of the parts being sub- 

 servient to the corporate life," ^ The historical induction at 

 the close of the preceding chapter showed us that such has 

 been the case. While during the advance toward greater 

 heterogeneity and coherence, tlie original lines of demarcation 

 between communities have been ever becoming effaced as the 

 communities have become integrated into higher and higher 

 aggregates, we saw that as a part of the very same process 

 the individualities of the members of society have been ever 

 increasing in definiteness and ever acquiring a wider scope 

 for activity. And we saw that this process not only has ever 

 gone on, but must continue to go on ; since, by tlie law of 

 use and disuse, the sympathetic or social feelings must con- 

 tinue to grow at the expense of the selfish or anti-social 

 feelings ; and since this slow emotional modification, which 

 makes possible the higlier integration of society, ensures also 

 the higher individuation of its members. " Progress, there- 

 fore, is not an accident, but a necessity. Instead of civiliza- 

 tion being artificial, it is a part of nature ; all of a piece with 

 the development of the embryo or the unfolding of a flower. 

 The modifications mankind have undergone, and are still 

 unaergoing, result from a law underlying the whole organic 

 creation ; and provided the human race continues, and the 

 constitution of things remains the same, those modifications 

 must end in completeness.""'' As surely as the astronomer 

 can predict the future state of the heavens, the sociologist 

 can foresee that the process of adaptation must go on until 



* spencer's Essays, 2nd series, p. 154. 



• Spencer, Social iitatics, p. 65. 



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