en. x]x.] ILLUSTRATIONS AND CRITICISMS. 247 



that are in equilibrium with outer relations. Thus we 

 obtain a "'writable law of intellectual progress; whereas to 

 say that men's conceptions pass from Anthropomorphism to 

 Positivism is merely to enunciate an empirical generalization, 

 which, besides being empirical, is also radically imperfect. 



The gradual change from a military to an industrial life 

 must also seek its rational explanation in the law of progress 

 as above formulated. The diminution of warfare and the 

 concomitant increase of devotion to industrial pursuits are 

 entailed by the growth of communities in size and structure. 

 Among the primitive tribal societies there is no industrial 

 life save that implied in hunting and fishing, and at a some- 

 what later date in the rearing of domestic animals. Settled 

 agricultural pursuits require a greater power of continuous 

 application and a more developed ability to subqrdinate 

 present enjoyment to the anticipation of future needs than 

 is to be found in the primitive savage. It is only the mental 

 habit produced by long-continued social discipline which 

 enables us to work to-day that we may enjoy the fruits of 

 our labour at a distant period. The primeval tribe wanders 

 from spot to spot, seeking ever a better hunting-ground or 

 richer pasturage, leading a predatory life which differs in 

 little save in its family organization from that led by the 

 lower animals. In this stage of society constant warfare is 

 inevitable, since each tribe must fight or be crushed out of 

 existence by neighbouring tribes. Over a large part of the 

 earth's surface, such has been the monotonous career of 

 savage man from the earliest times until the present day. 

 Such appears to have been, in its main features, the ancient 

 history of our own country before its conquest by Europeans, 

 as it is admirably delineated in the writings of that acute 

 observer Mr. Park man. 



The exigencies of warfare, however, of themselves facili- 

 tate that integration of tribal communities which we have 

 seen to be the indispensable condition of progress. A con- 



