on. XXI.T GENUSIS OF MAN, INTELLECTUALLY, 307 



gress regarded as a growth. But in proceeding to speak of 

 the increasing heterogeneity, definiteness, and coherence of 

 the adjustments, we proceed to treat of intellectual progress 

 regarded as a development. Here, as elsewhere, throughout 

 all save the simplest orders of evolution, quantitative increase 

 is accompanied by qualitative increase. The knowledge is 

 not only greater and the intellectual capacity greater, but 

 the knowledge is more complex, accurate, and unified, and 

 the intellectual capacity is more varied. 



The increase of the correspondence in definiteness may be 

 sufficiently illustrated by the following brief citation from 

 Mr. Spencer: "Manifestly the reduction of objective pheno- 

 mena to definite measures gives to those subjective actions 

 that correspond with them a degree of precision, a special 

 fitness, greatly beyond that possessed by ordinary actions. 

 There is an immense contrast in this respect between the 

 doings of the astronomer who, on a certain day, hour, and 

 minute, adjusts his instrument to watch an eclipse, and those 

 of the farmer who so arranges his work that he may have 

 hands enough for reaping some time in August or September. 

 The chemist who calculates how many pounds of quicklime 

 will be required to decompose and precipitate all the bicar- 

 bonate of lime which the water in a given reservoir contains 

 in a oerLaiu percentage, exhibits an adjustment of inner to 

 outer relations incomparably more specific than does the 

 laundress who softens a tubful of hard water by a handful 

 of soda. In their adaptations to external coexistences and 

 sequences, there is a wide difference between the proceedings 

 of ancient besiegers, whose battering-rams were indeterminate 

 in their actions, and those of modern artillery officers, who, 

 by means of a specific quantity of powder, consisting of 

 specific ingredients, in specific proportions, placed in a tube 

 at a specific inclination, send a bomb of specific weight on to 

 a specific object, and cause it to explode at a specific 



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