en. XXI.] GI:N£SIS OF MAN, INTELLECTUALLY. 309 



a sharp and a blow with a blimt instrument, but no abstract 

 word for blow."^ Between the stage of intellectual progress 

 thus illustrated and that in which an unlimited capacity for 

 generalization produces such words as " individuation " or 

 "equilibration," the contrast is sufficiently obvious; and it 

 fully confirms our theorem, that the amount of intellectual 

 progress achieved since man became human far exceeds that 

 which was needed to transfer him from apehood to manhood. 

 The increase of the correspondence in complexity, already 

 illustrated incidentally in the treatment of these other 

 aspects of the case, is still further exemplified in the growing 

 complication of the interdependence between science and 

 the arts. When tracing the complexity of corresj^ondence 

 through the lower stages of the evolution of intelligence in 

 the animal kingdom, Mr. Spencer hints that the evolution of 

 the executive faculties displayed in the organs of prehension 

 and locomotion is closely related to that of the directive 

 faculties displayed in the cephalic ganglia and in the organs 

 of sense. The parallelism may be summed up in the state- 

 ment that in most, if not all, the principal classes of the 

 animal kingdom, the animals with the most perfect prehensile 

 organs are the most intelligent. Thus the cuttle-fish is the 

 most intelligent of mollusks, and the crab similarly stands at 

 the head of crustaceans, while the parrot outranks all other 

 birds alike in sagacity and in power of handling things, and 

 the ape and elephant are, with the exception of man, the 

 most sagacious of mammals.^ Of the human race, too, it 

 may be said that, although Anaxagoras was wrong in assert- 

 ing that brutes would have been men had they had hands, 

 he might safely have asserted that without hands men could 

 never have become human. Now this interdependence of 

 the directive and executive faculties is continued throughout 

 the process of social evolution in the shape of the inter- 



* Chapters on Language, p. 1 99. 



• Spencer, op. iit, L 368—372. 



