310 COSMIC PBILOSOFEY, [pt. ii. 



dependence of the sciences and the arts, " AVe may properly 

 say that, in its higher forms, the correspondence between the 

 organism and its environment is effected by means of supple- 

 mentary senses and supplementary limbs The magni- 



fying-glass adds but another lens to the lenses existing in 

 the eye. The crow-bar is but one more lever attached to the 

 series of levers forming the arm and hand. And the rela- 

 tionship, which is so obvious in these first steps, holds 

 throughout." We may, indeed, go still dee[ier, and say that 

 science is but an extension of our ordinary sense-perceptions 

 by the aid of reasoning, while art is but an extension of the 

 ordinary function of our muscular system, of expressing our 

 psychical states by means of motion. Hence it is that "each 

 great step towards a knowledge of laws has facilitated men's 

 operations on things ; while each more successful operation 

 on things has, by its results, facilitated the discovery of 

 further laws." Hence the sciences and arts, originating 

 together, — as in the cases of " astronomy and agriculture, 

 geometry and the laying out of buildings, mechanics and the 

 weighing of commodities," — have all along reacted upon each 

 other, in an increasing variety of ways. It is sufficient to 

 mention the reciprocal connections between navigation and 

 astronomy, between geology and mining, between chemistry 

 and all the arts ; while telescopes and microscopes illustrate 

 the truth that " there is scarcely an observation now made in 

 science, but what involves the use of instruments supplied 

 by the arts ; while there is scarcely an art-process but what 

 involves some of the previsions of science." Just as in 

 organic evolution we find the mutual dependence of the 

 directive and executive faculties ever increasing, so that 

 " complete visual and tactual perceptions are impossible 

 without complex muscular adjustments, while elaborate 

 actions require the constant overseeing of the senses " ; so in 

 social evolution we find between science and art an increas- 

 ing reciprocity "such that each further cognition impliea 



