316 COSMIC PHILOSOPHY, [pt. n. 



genesis of sociality will therefore best show us how the 

 chasm which divides man intellectually from the brute is to 

 be crossed. 



But before we proceed to this somewhat lengthy and cir- 

 cuitous inquiry, we may profitably contemplate under a new 

 aspect the intellectual difference which we have assigned as 

 the fundamental one between civilized and primeval man. 

 We have observed that the intellectual superiority of man 

 over brute and of the civilized man over the barbarian essen- 

 tially consists in a greater capacity for mentally representing 

 objects and relations remote from sense. And we have 

 insisted upon the point that in this capacity of representation 

 the difference between the highest and lowest specimens of 

 normal humanity known to us far exceeds the difference 

 between the lowest men and the highest apes. Now in 

 closest connection with these conclusions stands the physical 

 fact that the chief structural difference between man and 

 ape, as also between civilized and uncivilized man, is the 

 difference in size and complexity of cerebrum. The cerebrum 

 is the organ especially set apart for the compounding and re- 

 compounding of impressions that are not immediately sensory. 

 The business of coordinating immediately presentative im- 

 pressions is performed by the medulla and other subordinate 

 centres. The cerebrum is especially the organ of that portion 

 of psychical life which is entirely representative.^ Obviously, 

 then, the progress to higher and higher representativeness 

 ought to be accompanied by a well-marked growth of the 

 cerebrum relatively to the other parts of the nervous system. 

 Now, in the light of the present argument, how significant 

 is the fact that the cranial ca[)acity of the modern English- 

 man surpasses that of the aboriginal non-Aryan Hindu 

 by a difference of sixty-eight cubic inches,^ while between 

 this Hindu skull and the skull of the gorilla the difference 



^ See above, p. 137. 



' Lyell, Antiquity of Man, p. 84 



