OH. xsii.] GENESIS OF MAN, MORALLY. 341 



incipient power of combination and of mutual protection. 

 But gregariousness differs from sociality by the absence of 

 definitive family relationships, except during the brief and 

 intermittent periods in which there are helpless offspring to 

 be protected. Now it might be maintained that the com- 

 plex intelligence of the highest mammal led him vaguely 

 to recognize the advantage of associating in more and more 

 permanent groups for the sake of mutual protection. From 

 this point of view Mr. Darwin argues that men were ori- 

 ginally a race of weak and mild creatures like chimpan- 

 zees, and not a race of strong and ferocious creatures like 

 gorillas, and were accordingly forced to combine because 

 unable to defend themselves singly. It is undeniable that 

 man is, relatively to his size, a weak animal ; and there is 

 much value in Mr. Darwin's suggestion in so far as it goes 

 to explain the origin of gregariousness among those primates 

 who were the ancestors of man. Nevertheless, it can hardly 

 be said to explain Sociality as distinguished from Gregari- 

 ousness. It may also be argued that the superior sagacity 

 even of the lowest savage makes him quite a formidable 

 antagonist to animals much more powerful than himself. 

 Besides, the study of savage life brings out results at vari- 

 ance with the notion of man's primitive gentleness. A 

 strong case might be made in support of the statement that 

 uncivilized man is an extremely ferocious animal, and that 

 among savage races, which certainly differ very notably in 

 natural ferocity of disposition, the most ferocious tribes are 

 often the most likely to become dominant and assist social 

 integration by subduing other tribes. The earliest annals 

 of the highest of human races, the Aryan, certainly bear 

 witness to extreme ferocity, checked and determined in its 

 direction by a moral sense further developed than that of 

 savages. While recognizing, therefore, the value of Mr. 

 Darwin's suggestion, so far as it goes, I believe that the 

 true expl? nation lies much further beneath the surface. 



