CH. xxiT.] GENESIS OF MAN, MORALLY. 847 



lower animals, and wni, indeed, he more highly approved the 

 more he does so, on the otlier hand there is a curb upon his 

 exercise of them within the limits of the clan. There is a 

 nascent public opinion which lauds actions beneficial to the 

 clan, and frowns upon actions detrimental to it ; though ioi 

 this it is not necessary that there should be a generalization 

 of the effects of certain actions, any more than a generaliza- 

 tion of the effects of hunger is needed to insure tV indi- 

 vidual's approval of eating. The mere present sense of 

 collective pleasure or pain is enough to organize the complex 

 feeling. For example, when a marauding expedition upon a 

 neighbouring clan is defeated by the cowardice or treachery 

 of one of the party, the offender is perhaps beaten, kicked, or 

 killed. The present sense of collective pain immediately 

 prompts the actions which tend to repress the cowardice or 

 treachery. On the other hand, the pleasurable states which 

 result in all the members of the clan, in common, after an 

 exhibition of successful bravery, immediately generate ap- 

 proval of the man who is brave, along with the desire to 

 imitate him. In short, — to quote Mr. Spencer, — o.ie of the 

 things that come to be strongly associated in the mind of 

 the young savage, with marks of approval, "which are 

 symbolical of pleasures in general, is courage; and one of 

 the things that comes to be associated in his mind with 

 frowns and other marks of enmity, which form his symbol of 

 unhappiness, is cowardice. These feelings are not formed in 

 him because lie has reasoned his way to the truth that courage 

 is useful to his tribe, and by implication to himself, or to the 

 truth that cowardice is a cause of evil. In adult life he 

 may, perhaps, see this; but he certainly does not see it at 

 the time when bravery is thus associated in his conscious- 

 ness with all that is good, and cowardice with all that is 

 bad. Similarly there are produced in him feelings of inclina- 

 tion or repugnance towards other lines of conduct that have 

 become established or interdicted, because they are beneficial 



