OF NATURAL HISTORY. 3% 



gullet, paiTes through it to reach the ftomach. The nve lo^ver 

 ribs, with a number of mufcles, form another cavity termed 

 the abdomen, or belly, in which are contained the ftomach, 

 the bowels, the omentum, or cawl, the liver, the gall-bladder, 

 the fpleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys. The chefi: and 

 abdomen are feparated from each other by the diaphragm, or 

 midriff. The lower part of this laft cavity contains the 

 bladder of urine, and the redtum, or termination of the in- 

 teftines. Beiide thefe, in females, the pelvis includes the 

 uterus and its appendages. This part of the cavity is form- 

 ed by the os facrum, or termination of the back-bone, and 

 the two ofFa innominata. 



The bones of the cranium and face are very numerous. 

 They are connedled together by means of futures, articula- 

 tions, and membranes. The bones of the cranium include 

 the brain and its two membranous coverings, called the pia 

 and dura mater, and the medulla oblongata, of which 1^^ the 

 fpinal marrow is a prolongation. The bones of the upper 

 and under jaw form another cavity for the reception of the 

 tongue and organs of fpeech. 



The only remaining bones are thole of the upper and 

 lower extremities. The llioulder and collar bones articulate 

 with the top of the arm and the breafr-bone. The arm-bone, 

 or OS humeri, is joined to the two bones of the fore-arm, call- 

 ed ulna and radius, and thefe laft to the bones of the carpus, 

 or wrift, by means of articulations and firm membranes. To 

 the bones of the wrift, thofe of the metacarpus and fingers 

 are attached in a fimilar manner. 



With regard to the lower extremities, the thigh-bone ar- 

 ticulates above v/ith the hip-bone, and below with the leg- 

 bone and the rotula, or knee-pan. The leg, like the fore- 

 arm, Is compofed of two bones, the tibia and fibula, which 

 articulate with each other, and with the tarfal, or heel-bones 

 of the foot ; and to thefe laft the metatarfal bones, and thofe 

 ©f the toes, are joined. 



