210 CLARKE AND SPINOZA. [CHAP. XIII. 



natural and moral, and evils which are neither natural nor moral, 

 are not absolute evils. 



This conclusion, though it may not express a truth, is cer- 

 tainly involved in the given premises, as formally stated. 



15. Let us take from the same argument a somewhat fuller 

 system of premises, and let us in those premises suppose that the 

 particles, either, or, are not absolutely disjunctive, so that in the 

 meaning of the expression, " either evil of imperfection, or na- 

 tural evil, or moral evil," we include whatever possesses one or 

 more of these qualities. 



Let the premises be 



1 . All evil (w) is either evil of imperfection (#), or natural 

 evil (y\ or moral evil (z). 



2. Evil of imperfection (x) is not absolute evil (t). 



3. Natural evil (y) is either a consequence of evil of imper- 

 fection (p), or it is compensated with greater good (^), or it is a 

 consequence of moral evil (r). 



4. Whatever is a consequence of evil of imperfection (p) is 

 not absolute evil (t). 



5. Whatever is compensated with greater good (q) is not 

 absolute evil (i). 



6. Moral evil (z) is a consequence of the abuse of liberty (u). 



7 . That which is a consequence of moral evil (r) is a conse- 

 quence of the abuse of liberty (u). 



8. Absolute evils are included in reputed evils. 



The premises expressed in the usual way give, after the elimi- 

 nation of the indefinite symbols v, the following equations : 



w(l-x)(l-y)(l-z) = 0, (1) 



xt = 0, (2) 



y(l-p)(l-q)(\-r) = Q, (3) 



/rf = 0, (4) 



qt = 0, (5) 



z(l-u) = 9 (6) 



r(l-) = 0, (7) 



t (1 - w) = 0. (8) 



Each of these equations satisfies the condition F(l - V) = 0. 



