CHAP. XXII.] CONSTITUTION OF THE INTELLECT. 411 



speculation in early ages, and metaphysical speculation in all 

 ages, have tended to assume. There are two illustrations of this 

 remark, to which, in particular, I wish to direct attention here. 



1st. It has been shown (III. 13) that there is a scientific 

 connexion between the conceptions of unity in Number, and the 

 universe in Logic. They occupy in their respective systems the 

 same relative place, and are subject to the same formal laws. 

 Now to the Greek mind, in that early stage of activity, a stage 

 not less marked, perhaps not less necessary., in the progression of 

 the human intellect, than the era of Bacon or of Newton, when 

 the great problems of Nature began to unfold themselves, while 

 the means of observation were as yet wanting, and its necessity 

 not understood, the terms " Universe" and " The One" seem to 

 have been regarded as almost identical. To assign the nature of 

 that unity of which all existence was thought to be a manifesta- 

 tion, was the first aim of philosophy.* Thales sought for this 

 fundamental unity in water. Anaximenes and Diogenes con- 

 ceived it to be air. Hippasus of Metapontum, and Heraclitus 

 the Ephesian, pronounced that it was fire. Less definite or 

 less confident in his views, Parmenides simply declared that all 

 existing things were One ; Melissus that the Universe was infi- 

 nite, unsusceptible of change or motion, One, like to itself, and 

 that motion was not, but seemed to be.f In a spirit which, to the 

 reflective mind of Aristotle, appeared sober when contrasted 

 with the rashness of previous speculation, Anaxagoras of Clazo- 

 menae, following, perhaps, the steps of his fellow-citizen, Hermo- 

 timus, sought in Intelligence the cause of the world and of its 

 order 4 The pantheistic tendency which pervaded many of these 

 speculations is manifest in the language of Xenophanes, the 

 founder of the Eleatic school, who, " surveying the expanse of 



* See various passages in Aristotle's Metaphysics, Book i. 



"\ 'Edo/ce t fit avT(f TO TTO.V dirttpov tlvai, Kai avaXXotwrov, Kai CLKIVIJTOV, Kai 

 ev, ofioiov eavT( Kai TrXrjpeg. Ktvrjviv T p.rj tlvai SoKtiv dt tlvai. Diog. Laert. IX. 

 cap. 4. 



J Novv Sri TIQ f.iTT(jJv svtivai, KaQonrtp iv TOIQ yotf, Kai tv ry Qvffei, TOV 



CUTIOV TOV KOGfAOV Kai TTJQ TCl&WQ tTO.(fr]Q 010V vfjty&V ttyCLVI} TTa/o' CtKJ/ \kyOVTClQ 



TOVQ TTpoTtpov. 3?avtpG)Q [iiv ovv 'AvaZayopav ifffifv a'^dftivov TOVTWV T&V \6- 

 ywv, aiTiav S' tx^i -rrportpov ' Epfiort/iog 6 KXaZopivtog I'nriiv. Arist. Met. I. 3. 



