4 LABORATORY MANUAL OF ANTHROPOMETRY 



The anthropometry of the bones of the skeleton, aside from the skull, 

 has not as yet become subject to International Agreement, and is thus 

 still in the stage of craniometry just previous to 1906, that is, detailed 

 measurements have been worked out for the separate bones by different 

 investigators, but the work needs yet to be standardized and those meas- 

 urements selected which are generally considered essential. 



If we except the pioneer work of Turner, who published his work on 

 the skeletons collected by the Challenger Expedition in 1886, the detailed 

 osteometry of the separate bones has been the work of the Twentieth 

 Century. The femur, naturally the first bone to receive special attention, 

 was first adequately measured, according to modern methods, by Leh- 

 mann-Nitsche in 1895, who included also some details of the tibia; but 

 the first thorough osteometric treatment of ulna and radius was delayed 

 until 1906, when it was presented by Fischer in a paper which may well 

 serve as a model for similar work. The pelvic girdle, with details of the 

 ossa coxae (ossa innominata), was well worked out in 1900 by Koganei 

 and Osawa, but for the completion of the bones of this immediate 

 region the world waited until Radlauer's work on the sacrum in 1908. 

 The modern treatment of the vertebral column, a difficult problem for the 

 osteometrist, was delayed until 1912, when it received competent treat- 

 ment by Hasebe. The skeleton of hand and foot may be treated as a 

 whole; or certain significant bones, especially those of carpus and tarsus 

 may be considered by themselves. Thus, for the foot skeleton as a whole, 

 there is the paper of Volkov in 1905, and that of M. and Mme. Adachi 

 of the same year; while for separate foot bones those of Sewell (1904- 

 1906) on the talus, of Manners-Smith on cuboid and naviculare (1907), 

 and of Reicher on the calcaneus (1913) may serve as examples. 



It may thus be said that, at the outbreak of the European War, in 

 1914, the field of osteometry had just been covered as far as the first 

 blocking out of essential measurements for the separate bones, but that 

 no attempt has been made to establish a general agreement or to insure 

 universality in usage; still less has there been a sufficient number of 

 studies based upon the bones of the separate human races to form the 

 basis for much comparison. It is at this point that we may trust the 

 work will be resumed at the expiration of the Great War. 



The employment of angular measurements, now an important part of 

 anthropometry, especially in the case of the bones, has had a course of 

 development closely similar to that of the linear measurements above 

 reviewed. The first angle employed was the famous "Facial Angle" 

 of Petras Camper, described in a posthumous work of this author, bearing 

 the date of 1780. This angle was drawn upon the lateral aspect (profile) 

 of skulls and living heads indifferently, and was that formed between a 

 line passing through the base of the nose and the auditory meatus, and 

 one roughly tangential to the profile. Camper found this angle to aver- 

 age 70 in Negroes, 80 in Europeans, 90 in classical Greek statues de- 



