20 LABORATORY MANUAL OF ANTHROPOMETRY 



the unclothed body should be taken. (See below, p. 162.) The weight 

 of a detached part of a living body, like a leg or a hand, may be deter- 

 mined with considerable accuracy by displacement. A vessel is prepaied, 

 suitable in size and shape for the reception of the part to be weighed; it 

 is filled with water, and the part in question thrust in. The volume of 

 the water displaced, expressed in cubic centimeters, is multiplied by the 

 average specific gravity of the part to be weighed, as learned from 

 cadavers. The result is give in grams. 



II. Instruments for Holding and Orienting 

 Skulls and other Bones 



A simple and perfectly satisfactory type of osteophore, especially 

 suited to the long bones, has been already described in connection with 

 the parallelograph above; namely, a retort stand, with an iron clamp. 

 This would hardly be satisfactory for skulls, and here, owing in part to 

 their peculiar shape, and more because of the need for an exact orienta- 

 tion, some special type is necessary for most purposes. 



Craniophores. Such a craniophore should have a pair of jaws, 

 designed to be attached at the occipital foramen, the one outside and 

 the other within; also a set of joints to allow the jaws, bearing the 

 skull, to be moved in two directions at right angles with each 

 other, for purposes of orientation. It is also convenient to be able 

 to raise and lower the entire craniophore, or that part of it bearing 

 the skull. 



A simple form is shown in Fig. 10, in connection with the goniometer 

 where the jaws are borne at the top of an upright piece, set into a heavy 

 iron tripod, furnished with leveling screws. The jaws are provided with 

 two joints, not well shown in the picture, which allow motion of the skull 

 either forward and back or from side to side, and are borne, not upon the 

 main upright, but upon an inner metallic tube, which slides in and out of 

 the other, and allows the skull to be raised and lowered without altering 

 its orientation. 



Cubic Craniophore. For certain work, especially for drawing with 

 the diagraph, as described below, a great advantage comes from shut- 

 ting the skull, properly orientated, and held in the jaws, within a skeleton 

 cube, so that it presents the six normae and thus may be drawn or 

 photographed in any of them . 



For this purpose the cubic craniophore has been devised (Fig. 12). 

 It has been variously improved and varied for remedying certain defects, 

 but in its main forms it appears as at A, where the jaws, with their 

 orienting joints, have been taken bodily from the vertical form just 

 described, and set into a socket in the middle of the floor (in the figure 

 the entire apparatus has been reversed for use with the diagraph, which 

 is also shown) ; or as at B, where the jaws and joints are held by a rigid 



