INTRODUCTION 3 



limb measurements, the same subtraction methods may be conveniently 

 used in ascertaining the difference in level between any two landmarks, 

 whether median or lateral; thus, between nipples and umbilicus, or be- 

 tween the incisural notch in the front of the neck and the iliac crest. The 

 distance thus ascertained is that between the two horizontal planes 

 passing through the landmarks in question, and thus all measurements 

 made in this way may be regarded as projections, or the point where hori- 

 zontal planes passing through the points measured strike an imaginary 

 line erected vertically, perpendicular to the floor. 



Thus by the opening of the New Century anthropometry had already 

 become an important branch of anthropology, expressed in extensive and 

 rapidly increasing literature. Individual investigators, however, differed 

 widely, not only in the measurements employed, and in their relative 

 value, but in the manner in which these measurements were taken and 

 the instruments used, so that there could be little or no trustworthy 

 comparison between the results of different investigators. The ciencse 

 was thus ready for its next phase of development, the standardizing of 

 the measurements. This was first attempted in the case of the skull, 

 as craniometry had received the most attention and its measurements 

 were thus the most in need of standardizing, and came as the result 

 of the International Congress of Anthropologists meeting in Monaco 

 during April, 1906. The proposal for this came from the Committee of 

 the Congress, MM. Hamy, Papillault, and Verneau, and the work 

 was done by a special committee appointed for the purpose, MM. Giuff- 

 rida-Ruggeri, Hamy, Herv^, Lissauer, v. Luschan, Papillault, Pittard, 

 Pozzi, Sergi, Verneau, Waldeyer. The proposals presented by the 

 Committee (38 for the skull, and 19 for the living head and face) were 

 ratified by the Congress, and have thus become the set of standard skull 

 measurements, to be followed, so far as possible, by anthropometrists 

 everywhere. 



A second standardization, that of measurements of the living body, 

 excluding the head, resulted in much the same way, from proposals ade 

 at the International Congress of 1912, which met at Geneva, Switzerland, 

 in September of that year. 



The Committee consisted of 23 members, as follows: MM. Czek- 

 anowski, Duckworth, Frasetto, Giuffrida-Ruggeri, Godin, Hillebrand, 

 De Hoyos, Hrdlicka, Loth, v. Luschan, MacCurdy, Manouvrier, Marret, 

 Mayet, Mochi, Musgrove, Pittard, Rivet, Schlaginhaufen, G. Sergi, 

 Sollas, Volkov, Weissgerber. The increased interest in anthropometry 

 is shown in the larger size of the Committee as compared with that of 

 1906, and the spread of this interest to other countries is indicated by the 

 inclusion in it of representatives from England, Russia, Switzerland, 

 Spain, Hungary, and the United States (Hrdlicka and MacCurdy). 

 There were 49 separate measurements proposed by the Committee, and 

 these were, as in the previous case, unanimously voted by the Congress. 



