40 LABORATORY MANUAL OF ANTHROPOMETRY 



norma frontalis full front view. 



norma occipitalis back view, parallel to the foregoing. 



norma verticalis top view, from directly above. 



norma basilaris view of the base, parallel with the foregoing, but viewed 



from the opposite direction. 



normce laterales There are naturally two of these, right and left. These 



(deztra et sinistra) are views taken directly from the side, and give their 



features in the reverse order. The full profile should 

 be the same when traced from either side, but that seen 

 from the right faces the right, and vice versa. 



The Cubic Craniophore, described above (p. 20) is especially designed 

 to define these six normse by placing a skull in a cubic frame. When 

 oriented according to the FH* the six faces of the craniophore coincide 

 exactly to the normse. The skull is thus exactly placed. For use with 

 the diagraph, or for photography, and may be properly placed by resting 

 the craniophore on the table upon any face, as desired. 



Naturally a skull needs to be held in a craniophore and thus accurately 

 oriented for certain purposes only, mainly for drawing, photographing, 

 and tracing contours. For obtaining the ordinary measurements, and 

 for examining the morphological peculiarities it is best placed on a table 

 before the observer, and for the measurement of circumferences by means 

 of the tape, it is most conveniently held in the lap. A simple and con- 

 venient device for much of the work consists of a cloth cushion, nine inches 

 square and partly filled with bran. This is placed upon the table in 

 front of the observer, and the skull put upon it. This not only saves 

 much wear and tear of the skulls, which are likely to suffer from direct 

 contact with the hard table top, but it will be found that the skull may 

 be held by the bag in any position desired, thus releasing both hands 

 for other work. Not only may many morphological features be thus 

 conveniently drawn, as they do not depend upon orientation, but the 

 majority of the measurements may be more easily made upon a skull 

 thus firmly placed. 



Landmarks 



Landmarks Established on the Skull for Use in Craniometry. 



For use in the new science of craniometry Broca, an early French anthro- 

 pologist, established a number of definite points on the skull surface, 

 which were mostly without special anatomical significance and which 

 were consequently without special anatomical names, but which became 

 of importance to him as the termini of essential linear measurements. 

 To many of these he gave distinctive names, such as glabella, inion, 

 bregma, and so on, thus avoiding the inconvenience of using a long phrase 



* The Frankfort Horizontal is commonly designated by its two initials, given in 

 capitals, and will be so used throughout this book. 



