54 LABORATORY MANUAL OF ANTHROPOMETRY 



No. 4&. Auriculo-bregmatic height. For this the general usage 

 has become to employ for the upper limit, not the bregma, 

 but either the vertex, or, more usually, to measure from the 

 porion, along a plane at right angles to the FH, to the point in 

 the upper contour where the line happens to fall. This 

 measure is conveniently taken with the anthropometer, 

 arranged as a rod compass, holding the instrument upon 

 a plane judged by the eye to be at right angles to the FH. 

 It will be seen that slight differences in position will 

 make no appreciable difference in the result, and after a 

 little practice a skull may be held in the left hand, and the 

 rod compass in the right, and an accurate measurement 

 made, which may be tested by comparing it with others 

 made either by the same observer or by someone else. 

 No. 7. Bimastoid breadth. This measure is now taken between 

 the two points of the two processes involved, instead of using 

 their two outer surfaces. 



No. 15. Interorbital breadth. For this the maxillofrontale is 

 now preferred to the lacrimale. When both are used they are 

 distinguished as anterior and posterior respectively. 

 No. 16. Orbital breadth. With the definite establishment of the 

 three closely adjacent landmarks, maxillofrontale, dacryon, and 

 lacrimale, it is clear that anyone of them could be used in obtaining 

 this measurement. The Monaco Agreement calls for the dacryon. 

 The other two are also frequently used, and some craniometrists 

 employ all three, the better to compare with all previous work. 

 No. 23. (bis) Horizontal circumference. The Monaco Agreement 

 specifies that the tape should pass over the superciliary ridges. 

 Some now employ, usually as a second horizontal circumference, 

 one that passes over the ophryon. 



III. Added measurements, not included in the Monaco Agreement, but 

 which have now come into general use.* 



33. Nasion-inion length; a variation of the glabella-inion, as ex- 

 plained above, under II, No. 2. Cr. 



34. Gnathion-basion; measurement taken with the mandible in place, 

 between the two points named. Cr or SC. 



35. Biauricular breadth; from one auriculare through to the other. Cr. 



36. (a; Outer biorbital breadth; between the two frontomalaria 

 temporalia (fmt-fmt). SC. 



(&) Inner biorbital breadth; between the two frontomalaria orbitalia 

 (fmo-fmo). 



* These added measurements are compiled from the measurements on the forms 

 used for the craniometric data of a skull at three different institutions in the year 

 1913, one German, one Swiss, and one American; viz., Freiburg, Prof. EUGEN FISCHER; 

 Zurich, Prof. OTTO SCHLAGINHADFEN; and the Peabody Museum at Harvard. 



