58 LABORATORY MANUAL OF ANTHROPOMETRY 



proportions of this part; the most important angle will probably be found 

 to be the one with apex at the basion (n-ba-pr), as it subtends the superior 

 facial length.] 



11. Total facial length (nasion-gnathion line). 



46. Nasion-lambda line. This, although capable of direct measure- 

 ment, is not used otherwise than in the craniogram, where is serves as 

 the base for the lambda calvarial height [49], as the nasion-inion line 

 serves for the calvarial height [48]. Of itself, this line and its measure- 

 ment, has not been found of value. 



47. Basion-lambda line; the main importance of this line is its partici- 

 pation in forming the great cranial quadrilateral, nasion-bregma-lambda- 

 basion, described below. 



42. Frontal chord ( nasion-bregma) . 



43. Parietal chord (bregma-lambda). 



44. Occipital chord (lambda-opisthion). 



48. Calvarial height; the longest perpendicular that can be erected 

 upon the nasion-inion line [33] within the medial contour curve of the 

 cranium. * 



49. Lambda calvarial height; the length of the perpendicular erected 

 upon the nasion-lambda line [46], precisely as in the case of the calvarial 

 height [48]. 



50. Bregma position line; this is a perpendicular, dropped from the 

 bregma upon the nasion-inion line, the point where it touches the latter 

 designating the bregma position. This line differs from most in that 

 it has litl le value in itself, but is used to determine an important point. 

 This point may be made available for comparison by forming an index the 

 numerator of which is the distance along the nasion-inion line from nasion 

 to the bregma position point, and the denominator the entire nasion- 

 inion line [index 36, below]. 



51. Frontal perpendicular; the longest perpendicular that can be 

 erected upon the frontal chord, within the limits of the frontal arc. This 

 line is important in itself, and also in its definition of the point where it 

 touches the arc, and marks the apex of the frontal curvature angle. 



52. Parietal perpendicular; specifications and uses like that of the 

 previous one, save that it concerns the parietal bone. 



53. Occipital perpendicular; specifications and uses like that of the 

 two previous ones, save that it concerns the occipital bone. 



3. Other Possibilities of a Craniogram 



A craniogram, as a contour tracing, does not contemplate the locating 

 of any point not included within this outer contour, like bregma, lambda, 



* The first calvarial height proposed used the glabella-inion, instead of the nasion- 

 inion, for the base. This was by G. SCHWALBE, in his study of Pithecanthus erectus- 

 cf. Zeitschr. Morphol. u. Anthropol. Bd. I. 1899, pp. 38+. 



