336 



THE FORESTS OF UPPER INDIA 



Different 

 systems as sub- 

 jects of study. 



Courses of 

 study in sub- 

 sidiary opera- 

 tions. 



world over, and can be learnt by long and bitter experience, but 

 much more cheaply by studying at the forest colleges, where the 

 results of experience in every system can be compared. The 

 ' Manual of Forestry,' by Dr. Schlich, is an excellent text- 

 book.* 



I will only touch upon the various systems of getting timber 

 off the land in the most profitable way, as practised largely in 

 Germany, France, and other countries, to suit the different re- 

 quirements of different localities. 



They are taught in forest schools as follows : 



HIGH WOOD SYSTEM. WITH CLEAR CUTTING. 



Renovation : 



1. By planting. 



2. By self-sown plants (by compartments, groups, and single trees). 



Coppice wood : 



1. With standards. 



2. Without. 



AUXILIARY SYSTEMS. 



1. High forest with standards. 



2. Two-storied high forest. 



Then there are taught rules for mixing different species and 

 for renewing the proper kinds. 



There are rules for managing forests where the trees are of one 

 age or two ages, of the same species and of different species, and 

 rules for managing forests where the trees are of all ages, to the 

 best advantage and on the most scientific principles. 



The various methods of cutting the timber and transporting it 

 by slides and sledge-ways down to the rivers, as practised in the 

 V'osges and Black Forest, are taught, and are all-important to a 

 forester. Even the simple mechanical dodges for loading logs 

 on to carts, in which Americans are proficient, are worth studying. 

 The transport of timber over ice and snow, in which Canadians 

 excel, the floating of timber in streams at flood-time, whether at 

 the thaw, as in Canada, or by damming of the stream and 

 artificial floods, as practised in the Black Forest, are separate and 

 important forest operations. Then the forester must learn how 

 to construct big rafts, as on the Rhine and St. Lawrence, and 



* Mr. Simpson's book, called ' The New Forestry,' is likewise excellent. 



