9 



Vegetable Substitutes. 



Vegetarians and those who object to hanging np pieces of 

 slaughtered carcasses in view of their windows may substitute 

 nuts, sunflower seeds, halved cocoanuts, peanut butter, mashed 

 potato or vegetable fats for meat, bones or suet in winter. 



Mixed Foods. 



]\Iixed foods may not be necessary, but they have been used 

 in winter with great success both in Europe and America. The 

 idea seems to have originated with the Baron von Berlepsch of 

 Thuringia,^ and the formula that he uses follows: — 



Ounces. 



To this total quantity of ingredients about one and one-half 

 times as much of beef or mutton fat or suet is added, and the 

 whole heated to the boiling point. Dr. Eleanor Mellen says that 

 Hamburg steak that is easily obtained may be dried and used 

 as one ingredient, and that if some of the others are not ob- 

 tainable they may be omitted. Ground doughnuts and dog 

 bread may be added. The mess being in a fluid state must be 

 carried in a suitable receptacle to some dead coniferous tree. 

 A small spruce Christmas tree is excellent for the purpose. The 

 mixture is then ladled on the branches, care being taken to 

 keep it stirred that the heavier ingredients may not settle to the 

 bottom. A covered pan like a baking pan with a bale attached 

 is useful for carrying the hot mixture. In pouring it on the 



I Heismann, Martin: How to Attract and Protect Wild Birds. Translated into English by 

 Emma Buchheim, 1912, p. 74. 



