10 



pion and Greensboro, none of them in the lists of hardiest, 

 are hardier than the average. 



The Russian apples seem to be perfectly hardy in the apple 

 regions of the United States, the most prominent of these 

 being Yellow Transparent, Red Astrachan, Oldenburg and 

 Wealthy. Mcintosh and Fameuse follow the Russians in 

 hardiness. Seckel and Kieffer stand out as the hardiest 

 pears, while Windsor is probably the hardiest sweet cherry. 



15. Name the Varieties Most Tender in Wood. 



Here, too, opinion differs, but not so much as in naming 

 the lists of hardy sorts. The list of peaches runs: Early 

 Crawford, Late Crawford, Chair's Choice, St. John, Niagara. 



In the last terribly cold winter in New York Baldwins 

 proved most tender to cold, followed, among standard sorts, 

 by Rhode Island Greening, Northern Spy and Ben Davis. 



Recommendations. 

 What lessons are to be learned from the data set forth? 

 It is plain enough that some varieties of every fruit are in- 

 herently hardier than other varieties, and that selections of 

 hardy sorts can be made for doubtful situations. Again, all 

 can agree that hardiness is in great measure dependent on 

 maturity of the plant, not only of the whole tree, but of 

 parts of the tree, those parts with the poorest sap flow being 

 least hardy. It is well established, also, that soils may be 

 either too wet or too dry for the hardiest condition possible. 

 It is probable that cover crops and snow offer the best pro- 

 tection against winterkilling of the roots. It seems certain, 

 from the data in hand, that overbearing in the season pre- 

 ceding a cold winter weakens trees so that they are susceptible 

 to cold, as also do the attacks of insects and fungi. Lastly, 

 and possibly most important, the notion that trees are hardier 

 under neglect than under high culture seems false; the more 

 vigorous the tree, provided it matures its wood, the hardier. 



