browning was severe toward the base of the branches, as in 

 the case of Ben Davis, the early summer growth would often 

 be nearly normal, but as hotter weather approached the leaves 

 would suddenly wilt. Of course it is well known that the water 

 moves up to the leaves through the sapwood. Naturally, if the 

 sapwood w'ere largely killed, the movement of water would be 

 interfered with. In the case of Ben Davis, it seems that in 

 early spring, before the weather was hot enough to cause great 

 loss of water from the leaves, they could secure a sufficient 

 amount through the injured sapwood, but, when the evapora- 

 tion became greater, they naturally wilted. In the case of 

 Baldwin and Greening and some other varieties, where condi- 

 tions were favorable there was marked improvement during the 

 summer and particularly during the summer of 1919. This 

 was to be expected, since the cambium was not killed and a 

 new layer of sapwood was soon formed. Where the soil has 

 been kept in good condition, the tendency has been for the 

 recovery to be more rapid toward the base of the branches, so 

 there are very many water sprouts formed. The recovery from 

 this sapwood injury has been much better where the nitrogen 

 supply was abundant; thus, in case of some peach trees in our 

 own orchard, trees fertilized in the spring of 1918 with about 

 3 pounds of nitrate of soda to a mature peach tree recovered 

 very much better than alternate trees not so fertilized. It is 

 now known that when plowing is delayed until late in the 

 season the nitrogen supply in the soil is very much reduced. 

 Our apple orchard at Ithaca was plowed in the fall of 1917 and 

 again in the fall of 1918, so there should have been a maximum 

 of nitrates in the soil during ^arly summer when growth is 

 most rapid in case of both seasons. In addition to this, we 

 applied 3 pounds of nitrate of soda to the tree early in the 

 spring of 1918 and 4 pounds early in the spring of 1919. We 

 had careful records as to the amount of winter injury suffered 

 by each tree as indicated by the growth at the beginning of 

 1918. Every one of our Baldwin, Greening and Tompkins 

 King trees started with a very weak growth, yet now they 

 have reached a normal state of vigor and have practically re- 

 covered in so far as sapwood injury is concerned. Many 

 orchards out in the State, where the injury as indicated by the 



