10 



where heavy pruning by reducing the foliage had increased the 

 injury and where the bark was killed around a wound made by 

 the removal of a branch in the spring of 1917. An excellent 

 example of the effect of severe pruning was seen in an orchard 

 at Pultneyville, New York. Some high-headed Northern Spy 

 trees had been top-worked to Hubbardston. With some of the 

 trees all of the Spy wood had been removed during the summer 

 of 1917, while with.others it had not. Of course the removal of 

 the Spy wood reduced the size of the top and the amount of 

 foliage for that year. In all cases where this had been done the 

 bark and sapwood of the trunk were badly killed, the injury 

 being greater the farther away from the foliage on the trunk 

 the tissue was located. In case of the trees where the Spy wood 

 was not removed, there was little such injury. All over the 

 State of New York during that winter lower branches that had 

 lower secondary branches shaded off by upper ones were badly 

 killed. The foliage on these branches of course was very small 

 in proportion to the branch. It seems, then, that something 

 moves downward from the foliage to ripen the wood. An in- 

 teresting observation was the effect of a heavy crop in the 

 summer of 1917 on the resistance of the wood during the fol- 

 lowing winter. Trees bearing a heavy crop in nearly all cases 

 were killed much worse than others. It would seem possible, 

 then, that the material from the leaves that would ripen the 

 wood goes instead to the fruit. The crotch injury and trunk 

 injury that we have mentioned above seem to be explained in 

 this wav. TheA' are farthest from the foliage and it takes 

 longer for the material to reach them, and in case of the 

 crotch injury there is less foliage on the inner side of the branch 

 from which the material may move. 



Killing in the pear was very much like that of the apple 

 except that the pears average more tender. Particularly is the 

 wood more tender in the spurs, thus in most winters in Ithaca 

 we have serious killing of this wood in the spurs. The Bart- 

 lett, Angouleme, Bosc, Clairgeau and, generally, Kieffer were 

 among the more tender, while Clapp's Favorite, Anjou, Lawrence 

 and Flemish Beauty were among the more resistant, Flemish 

 Beauty and Anjou being markedly resistant. 



