482 
VIPERIDZ, 
Coluber redi, Gmel. S. N. i. p. 1091 (1789). 
—— charasii, Shao, Zool, iii. p. 379 (1802). 
Vipera vulgaris, Latr. Rept. iii. p. 212 (1802). 
—— ocellata, Latr. t. c. p. 292; Daud, Rept. vi. p. 140, pl. Lxxii. 
fig. 2 (1803). 
—— chersea (non L.), Latr. t. c. p.297 ; Daud. t. c. p. 144; Metaxa, 
Mon. Serp. Rom. p. 483 (1823) ; Bendiscioli, Giorn. Fis. Stor. Nat. 
(2) ix. 1826, p. 429. 
— redi, Latr. t. c. p. 8304; Daud. t. c. p. 152; Metava, l.c.p. 42; 
Bendiscioli, 1. c. p. 428; Lenz, Schlangenk. p. 332 (1832); Schaefer, 
Moselfaun, p. 263 (1844); Meisn. Mus. Nat. Helv. p. 90, pls. i. 
fig. 3, & ii. fig. 1 (1820), and in Wyder, Serp. Suisse, p. 17, pl. i. 
fig. 3, & ii. fig. 1 (1828). 
—— berus (non L.), Meisn. Ul. cc. pp. 89, 17, pl. i. figs. 1 &2; 
Metaxa, l. c. p. 42; Bendiscioli, l. c, p. 424; Guér. Icon. R. A., 
Rept. pl. xxiii. fig. 1 (1844), 
—— atra, Meisn. ll. cc. pp. 98, 18, pl. ii. fig. 2. 
Ladies | (non L.), Meisn. il. cc. pp. 93, 18, pl. ii. fig. 3; Metara, 
l.c. p. 48. 
naa Merr. Tent. p. 151 (1820); Metaxa, 1. ¢. p. 42; Bendi- 
scioli, l. c. p. 426; Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital., Anf. (igs4); Schleg. 
Phys. Serp. ii. p. 599, pl. xxi. figs. 16-18 (1837) ; Gray, Cat. p. 
(1849); Dum. § Bibr. vii. Pp 1406, pl. lxxix. d. fig. 3 (1854) ; 
Soubeiran, De la Vipere, p. 31 (1855); De Betta, Erp. Ven. p. 238 
(1857); Soubetran, Bull. Soc. Acclim. x. 1863, p. 397 ; Viaud- 
Grandm. Serp, Vend. p. 80 (1867); Strauch, Syn. Viper. p. 55 
(1869); Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii. p. 220 (1872) ; Jan, Icon. Gén. 45, 
l. iii, figs. 2-7 (1874); De Betta, Faun. Ital., Rett. Anf. p. 54 
1874); Lataste, Act. Soc, Linn. Bord. 1875, (8) x. CR. p. xxi; 
Schrieb. Herp. Eur. p. 193 (1875); Lataste, Herp. Gironde, 
p. 166, pl. viii. fig. 7 (1876) ; F. Mill. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, 
vi. 1877, p. 415, & 1878, p. 695, pl. iii. fig. B; De Betta, Atti 
Ist. Ven. (5) v. 1879, p. 399, and vi. 1880, p. 879; Tournen. 
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1881, p. 53; F. Miill. op. cit. vii. 1882, 
p. 158; De Betta, Atti Ist. Ven, (7) i, 1883, p. 935; Leydig, Abh. 
Senck, Ges. xiii. 1883, p. 192; F. Mill. op. cit. vii. 1884, p. 300, 
& 1885, p. 692; Blum, Abh. Senck. Ges. xv. 1888, p. 198, and 
Zool, Gart. 1892, pp. 12 & 265; Dalla Torre, Progr. Gymn. Innsbr. 
1891, p. 12; Bedriaga, CR. Congr. Int. Zool. 1892, i. p. 241; 
Diirigen, Deutschl. t. u. Amph. p. 360, pl. x. fig. 1 (1364). 
— communis, Millet, Faune Maine et Lovre, ii. p. 646, pl. v. fig. 1 
(1828); Mauduyt, Herp. Vienne, p. 33 pcan 
—— hugyi, Schinz, Nat. Rept. p. thy? oe xxvili, fig. 2 ee 
——- berus, subsp. aspis, Camerano, Mon. Ofid. Ital., Viper 4 41, 
pl. i. figs, 1-7, 22-82 (1888) ; Mina-Palumbo, Nat, Sicil. xi. 1892, 
p. 119; Caruecio, Boll. Soc. Rom, Zool, iii. 1894, p. 77. 
Snout flat above, more or less distinctly turned up at the end, 
with sharp, not or but very feebly raised canthus ; vertical diameter 
of the eye nearly equal to its distance from the mouth ; supraocular 
region more or less slanting forwards, the posterior border of the 
supraocular usually not extending beyond the vertical of. the 
posterior border of the eye. Rostral usually deeper than broad, its 
width 4 to § its depth, extending to the upper edge of the snout ; two 
or three apical shields ; upper surface of head usually covered with 
small, subimbricate, smooth or feebly keeled scales, in 4 to 7 series 
between the supraoculars; frontal and parietal shields usually absent, 
