7. ECHIS. 505 
1. Echis carinatus. 
Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. ii. (1796). : 
Pseudoboa carinata, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 285 (1801). 
Boa horatta, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 359 (1802). 
Scytale bizonatus, Daud. Rept. v. p. 339, pl. lxx. fig. 1 (1803). 
+ Gh bs (Echis) carinata, Merr. Tent. p. 149 (1820). 
Kchis ziczac, Gray, Ann. Philos, 1825, p. 205. + 
7 ag pyramidum, J. Geoffr. Deser. Egypte, Rept. p. 152, pl. vil. 
g. 1 (1827), and Suppl. pl. iv. fig. 1 (1829). 
Echis arenicola, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 558; Gray, Cat. p. 29 (1849); 
Strauch, Syn. Viper. p. 117 (1869), and Schl. Russ. R. p. 228 
(1873) ; Boettg. Zool. Jahrb. iii. 1888, p. 949. 
carinata, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 177 (1830); Gray, Cat. p. 29; 
Guichen. in Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss. vi. p. 215, Rept. pl. il. 
( P ); Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 1448, pl. lxxxi. db. fig. 3 (1854) ; 
Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 897 (1864), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, 
y: 502; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 196; Fayrer, Thanatoph- 
nd. pl. xii. (1874) ; Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. p. 430 (1876); Theob. 
Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 218 (1876) ; Blanf. Journ. As, Soc. Beng: 
xlviii. 1879, p. 116; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 388, pl. — (1884); 
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 422, fig. (1890); Matschie, Zool 
Jahrb. v. 1890, p. 617 ; Bouleng. Trans. Zool. Soc, xiii. 1891, p. 155. 
pavo, Reuss, Mus. Senck. i. 1834, p. 157. 
—— varia, Reuss, 1. c. p. 160, pl. vii. fig. 2. 
Vipera echis, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 583, pl. xxi. figs. 10 & 11 
(1837), and in Wagner, Reis. Alg. iii. p. 131 (1841). 
Kchis frenata, Dum. § Bibr. t. c. p. 1449. 
Toxicoa arenicola, Giinth. Cat. p. 268 (1858). 
Vipera carinata, Jan, Rev. § Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 153 ; Strauch, Erp. 
Aly. p. 73 (1862). 
—— (Echis) superciliosa, Jan, J. c. p. 156, and Prodr. pl. FE (1859).. 
Kchis superciliosa, Jan, Elenco, p. 122 (1863). 
Snout very short, rounded. Rostral once and a half to twice 
and a half as broad as deep ; head covered with small, more or less 
strongly keeled scales; a narrow supraocular sometimes present ; 
10 to 15 scales across from eye to eye; 14 to 20 scales round the 
eye; two (rarely three or one) series of scales between the eye and 
the labials; nostril between two (rarely three) shields, in contact 
with the rostral; 10 to 12 upper labials; three or four lower 
labials in contact with the chin-shields. Scales in 27-37 rows. 
Ventrals 1382-192; anal entire; subcaudals 21-48. Pale buff, 
greyish, reddish, or brown above, with one or three series of whitish 
dark-edged spots, the outer sometimes forming ocelli; a zigzag 
dark and light band may run along each side; acruciform, A-, ¥ -; 
or Y-shaped whitish marking often present on the head ; lower parts 
whitish, uniform, or with brown dots, or with small round black 
Spots. 
Total length 720 millim. ; tail 70. 
Desert or sandy districts of Africa north of the Equator ; Southern 
Asia, from Transcaspia and Arabia to India. 
a,b. 3 (Sc. 31, 29; V. W. Africa. Mr. Dalton [C.]. 
148, 145; C. 26, 29). 
