GOVERNMENT. GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS 203 



Hayden himself, and the influence of these expeditions in 

 popularizing geology should not be overlooked. The 

 expedition of 1871 into the geyser region on the upper 

 Yellowstone resulted in the creation of the first of the 

 national parks. W. H. Holmes began his artistic contri- 

 butions to geology in 1872 with this Survey. Topo- 

 graphic mapping was added to the geologic exploration, 

 James T. Gardner and A. D. Wilson joining the Hayden 

 Survey after earlier service on the King Survey and 

 Henry Gannett being a member of parties, first as astron- 

 omer and later as topographer in charge. The accom- 

 plishment of the Hayden Survey itself and the later work 

 of many of its members show that this organization pos- 

 sessed a corps of strong men. 



The King Survey was a smaller organization, with 

 Congressional authorization of definite scope and a sys- 

 tematic plan of operation. The beginning of construc- 

 tion of the Union Pacific terminated the period of the 

 railroad surveys under the War Department and 

 afforded opportunity for geologic work that would be 

 more than exploratory: the opening up of the new 

 country made investigation of its resources logical. 

 This fact was recognized by Clarence King, who had 

 traversed the same route as a member of an emigrant 

 train with his friend James T. Gardner. His plan to 

 make a geological cross section of the Cordilleras, with a 

 study of the resources along the route of the Pacific rail- 

 roads, won the support of Congress, and the "Geological 

 Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel" was authorized in 

 1867, with Clarence King as geologist in charge, under 

 the Chief of Engineers of the Army. Field work was 

 begun in the summer of that year, and it is interesting to 

 note that Mr. King and his small force of geological 

 assistants the two Hagues and S. F. Emmons began 

 at the western end of this cross section, and in this 

 and subsequent years extended the survey from the east 

 front of the Sierra Nevada to Cheyenne, covering a belt 

 of territory about 100 miles in width. This comprehen- 

 sive plan was carried out in the field operations, and the 

 scientific and economic results were systematically 

 worked up in the reports, which appeared in 1870-80. 

 The only departure from this plan was a study of the 



