KITCHEN GARDENING UNDER JAMES I. 125 



list of complaints it will cure. " The juice taken diuers 

 mornings fasting doth procure a good memorie." He recom- 

 mends it to be dropped into the eyes to remove dimness of sight 

 — one would have thought rather to ensure an opposite effect 

 — and adds, the powder of the seeds taken as snuff " marvel- 

 ously amendeth the braine " ! 



Nauewes and turnips, though spoken of separately, seem to 

 be one and the same thing, as Hill says of them : " The pro- 

 pertie many times of the ground dooth alter the Nauewe into 

 a Turnup, and the Turnup into a Nauewe." He recommends 

 poppies to be " sowne in the beedes among colewortes," which 

 does not speak well for the cabbages. Beans were still largely 

 grown by the poorer classes, but kidney beans, of which Gerard 

 depicts eight sorts, two from America, were " a dish more often- 

 times at rich men's tables than at the poor." Peas were sown 

 at midsummer for autumn use, and also in August and Sep- 

 tember for the following spring. Dried peas were used at " sea 

 for them that go long voyages." The rouncial was still much 

 grown, also the green and white hasting, called so because of its 

 earhness. The following were also popular varieties : the sugar 

 pease, the spotted, the grey, the pease without skins, and the 

 Scottish or tufted, or the rose, and the early French, " which 

 some call the Fulham Pease, because those grounds thereabouts 

 do bring them soonest forward for any quantity, although some- 

 times they miscarry by their hast and earliness."^ The " Rams 

 ciche " or " ciche pease " {Cicer arietinmn) was occasionally 

 grown. Turner says he had seldom seen it in England, and 

 Gerard says it "is soun in our London gardens, but not 

 common." This " Chick Pea " never became popular. Miller, 

 writing a hundred years later, says it was much grown in France 

 and Spain, but rarely sown in England. 



Any practical gardener, if asked the use of an orchard, would, 

 doubtless, reply that the use is to insure a sufficient supply of 

 fruit ; but Lawson declares that no one can deny " that the 

 principal end of an orchard is the honest delight of one wearied 

 with the workes of his lawful calling "; and, again, he speaks 

 from experience, being himself an old man, and says that the 

 orchard " takes away the tediousnesse and heavie load of three 

 * Parkinson. 



