ClUf, tII.J MAKAOEMENll Of THE AFf'fiCTlOm 2S7 



particular affections, as liglit is to colours. The StoiCc, so far 

 as may be conjectured from what we have left oi them, cul- 

 tivated this subject better, yet they rather dwelt upon sub- 

 tile definitions than gave any full and copious treatise upon 

 it. We also find a few short elegant pieces upon some ol 

 the affections; as upon anger, false modesty, and two or three 

 more ; but to say the truth, the poets and historians are the 

 principal teachers of this science ; for they commonly paint 

 to the lite in what particular manner the affections are to 

 be raised and inflamed, and how to be soothed and laid ; hov/ 

 they are to be checked and restrained from breaking into 

 action ; how they discover themselves, though suppressed 

 and smothered ; what operations they have ; what turns they 

 take ; how they mutually intermix ; and how they oppose 

 each other, &c. Among which, the latter is of extensive use 

 in moral and civil affairs ; I mean, how far one passion may 

 regulate another, and how they employ each other's assist- 

 ance to conquer some one, after the manner of hunters and 

 fowlers, who take beast with beast, and bird with bird ; 

 which man, perhaps, without such assistance, could not so 

 easily do. And upon tliis foundation rests that excellent 

 and universal use of rewards and punishments in civil life." 

 For these are the supports of states, and suppress all the 

 other noxious affections by those two predominant ones, fear 

 and hope. And, as in civil government, one faction fre- 

 quently bridles and governs another ; the case is the same in 

 the internal government of the mind.P 



We come now to those things which are within our own 

 power, and work upon the mind, and affect and govern the 

 will and the appetite ; whence they have great efficacy in 

 altering the manners. And here philosophers should dili- 

 gently inquire into the powers and energy of custom, exer- 

 cise, habit, education, example, imitation, emulation, com- 

 pany, friendship, praise, reproof, exhortation, reputation, 



» See Butler's "Analogy," chap, on rewards and punishments. 



» See " Lselius Peregrinus de noscendis et emendandis Animi Aifeo- 

 tionibus," ed. Lipsise, 1714 ; "Placcius de Typo Medicinse moralis;'* 

 M. Perault, " De I'Usage des Passions," 1668 ; " Johan. Francisc. 

 Buddteus de Morbis mentis humanae, de Sanitate mentis humanae, et d« 

 Remediis morborum, quibus mens laborat," in his " Elementa Philoso- 

 phiae Practicse," lib. de Philosophia morali, sect. iii. cap. 3, 4, (i 

 See " Stollii lutroduct. in Historiam Literariam," pp. 813, 814. Shan 



