22 



Fullering. — This is a groove in the ground surface of the shoe. It 

 should pass through two-thirds of the thickness of the shoe, be clean, 

 and of uniform width. It is of advantage in that it makes the shoe 

 lighter in proportion to its width, and, by making the ground surface 

 somewhat rough, tends to prevent slipping. 



Nail holes. — The shoe must be so "punched" that the nail holes will 

 fall directly on the white line. They should be confined to the fore 

 half of front shoes, but may occupy the anterior two-thirds of hind 

 shoes. For a medium-weight shoe three nail holes in each branch are 

 sufficient, but for heavier shoes, especially those provided with long 

 calks, eight holes are about right, though three on the inside and four 



on the outside may do. 



Clips. — These are half-circular 

 ears drawn up from the outer 

 edge of the shoe either at the toe 

 or opposite the side wall. The 

 height of a clip should equal the 

 thickness of the shoe, though the} 7 " 

 should be even higher on hind 

 shoes and when a leather sole is 

 interposed between shoe and 

 hoof. Clips secure the shoe 

 against shifting. A side clip 

 should always be drawn up on 

 that branch of the shoe that first 

 meets the ground in locomotion. 



SPECIAL PECULIARITIES OF 

 THE CHIEF CLASSES OF 

 SHOES. 



Fig. 7.— Left fore hoof of regular form, shod with a 

 plain "fullered" shoe. Note the distribution of 

 the nails, length of the fuller (crease), and the 

 closeness of the endsof the shoe to the branches 

 ipf the frog. 



(1) A shoe for a regular hoof 

 (figs. 7 and 8).— This fits when its 

 outer border follows the wall 

 closely in the region of the nail 

 holes and from the last nail to the 

 end of the branch gradually projects beyond the surface of the wall to 

 an eighth of an inch and extends back of the buttresses an amount equal 

 to the thickness of the shoe. The shoe must be straight, firm, air- 

 tight, its nail holes directly over the white line, and its branches far 

 enough from the branches of the frog to permit the passage of a foot 

 pick. Branches of the shoe must be of equal length. 



In fitting a shoe to a hoof of regular form we follow the form of the 

 hoof, but in base-wide and base-narrow hoofs, which are of irregular 

 form, wo must pay attention not only to the form of the hoof, but 

 also to the direction of the pasterns and the consequent distribution of 

 weight in the hoof, because where the most weight falls the surface of 



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