JRRIAN AND ARTEMIDORUS. 35 



given rise to a serious mistake. His translation is as 

 follows: 'Equos vero turn inutiles et infirmos ob inediam, 

 claudicantesque solearum inopia, detritis ungulis, aversis 

 ab hoste itineribus, misit in Bithyniam.' No such words 

 as solearum inopia occur in the original text ; they are an 

 interpolation by the learned translator without the faintest 

 authority, and have led several writers of note to believe 

 that horse-shoes were then in use : whereas the contrary 

 may be inferred, for the horses, it is explicitly mentioned, 

 were lame by the attrition of their hoofs ; which implies 

 that horses were not shod. Montfauqon was led astray 

 by this addition to the original account. He writes : 

 ' There are certain and undoubted proofi that the ancients 

 shod their horses; thus much Homer and Appian say;'' 

 and Fosbrooke^ remarks tiiat ' an iron horse-shoe is men- 

 tioned by Appian ; so that the conclusion from Xenophon s 

 recommendation for hardening the hoof, that the ancients 

 did not shoe beasts of burden, is too rash.' 



Subsequent to the Christian era, we find Arrian^ (a.d. 

 200) comparing the human body to a pack-ass — ovapiov 

 £7z^Krsoi.y[j.ivov, and speaking of a kind of shoe for that 

 animal : ' Otolv l-^sivo ovdpiov j], roKT^a ■yivsrai -^oCKiva^ia. 

 ToG ovaoioo, (r^Tjixaricc, izs-oSTj^aria, xpiSai, ^o^rog. Some 

 translators have rendered uz!Tohri[xotricc as ' ferreac calces ; ' 

 but Didot, in his new Collection of Classical Greek authors, 

 translates it as spartece calces : ' Si asselus est corpus, cetera 

 freni erunt aselli, clitellae, sparte^ calces, hordeum, foenum.' 



Artemidorus, in his Interpretation of Dreams, about 



' Antiquite Expliquee, vol. iv. p. 50. 

 ' Ency. of Antiquities. London, 1840. 

 3 Commentar. in Epictetum, lib. iii. 



