i8o HORSE-SHOES AND HORSE-SHOEING. 



the summits of the mountains or hills of the Jura, along 

 Upper Alsace, as in the chain of Lomont, in the castles of 

 the same period, perched on culminating points, in the 

 ruins of Roman villas buried beneath nearly every 

 village, on the track of roads of the like date, and also 

 scattered over the country, we have gathered horse-shoes 

 of a different form to those already noticed, but whose 

 dimensions yet resemble them, though they are always 

 more circular. They are also stronger in metal, and 

 consequently more heavy, varying from i8o to 245 

 grammes. They are with or without calkins [crampons)^ 

 and pierced by six holes — three on each side, placed farther 

 from the external border than in the preceding. The 

 heads of the nails are still oblong, but not so high or 

 salient, and indeed are nearly hidden in the holes counter- 

 sunk for this purpose. There are other shoes which, in 

 form, in weight, and in dimensions are allied to these, and 

 are found in the same places ; but they offer a character- 

 istic difference. This consists in a groove {rainure, Angl. 

 fullering) extending around the outer border of the shoe 

 from the heels to the toe, and sometimes deep enough to 

 completely lodge the heads of the six nails with which 

 they are furnished. At other times, this groove is scarcely 

 noticeable, and would appear only to have been used to 

 indicate the line on which the farrier sought to make the 

 holes. Shoes with a deep groove are yet in use in Eng- 

 land ; but with us they seem to have been older than, or 

 contemporaneous with, the cutlasses with wide blades, 

 sharpened only on one side, and provided with one or two 

 of these longitudinal grooves. Knives of the same period 

 are similarly ornamented, and these certainly belong to 



