LARGE AND SMALL SHOES. 191 



horses and light on foot, and train their horses to stand 

 still in the very spot on which they leave them, to which 

 they retreat with great activity when there is occasion ; 

 nor, according to their practice, is anything regarded as 

 more unseemly or more unmanly than to use housings. 

 Accordingly, they have the courage, though they be 

 themselves but few, to advance against any number what- 

 ever of horse mounted with housings.' ' 



In the last century, shoes were dug out of graves, which 

 were to all appearance pre-Roman. One of these shoes has 

 ' been described as having the catches or calkins projecting in 

 a peculiar manner upwards instead of downwards, as if to 

 grasp the hoof; but it is not stated whether there were 

 also nail-holes.^ 



Many years ago, veterinary surgeon Plank ^ mentioned 

 finding shoes in Bavaria, which, from their antique form 

 and the situation they occupied when discovered, he 

 believed to have been worn by Roman cavalry horses. 

 Schaum also speaks of ancient shoes as being found in 

 his district.-* At Willerode (Mansfelder Gebirgskreise), 

 Rosenkranz ^ speaks of a variety of old iron work being 

 found in grubbing up a forest called Wolfshagen. This 

 consisted of rusty spikes, unusually large horse-shoes 

 (ungewohnlich grosse Hufeisen), a battle-axe, and a kind 

 of sharp knife, made of flint, which he thought might be 

 a sacrificial knife. 



' Bell. Gal. iv. 2. 



• Beckmann. Beschreibung der Mark Brandenburgh. Berlin, I7ji. 

 Arnhiel. Heidnische Alterthiimer. 



3 Veterinartopographie von Baiern, p. 18. 



* Alterith. S. von Brauentels, S. 2)9- 



5 Neue Zeitschriff. Halle, 1832. Band i. Heft 2. 



