330 HORSE-SHOES AND HORSE-SHOEING. 



The resemblance to some of the ' sandals ' of the first and 

 second classes is very striking, particularly those figured 

 by Professor Defays ; that by M. Namur, found at Dal- 

 heim (fig. 114); that in the Cluny Museum ; the one 

 found at Serupt in 1 846, and the specimen in the Besan- 

 qon Museum. Some allowance must be made for the 

 very large diameter of the modern wheels, which neces- 

 sitates a longer shoe (though the London carriages offer a 

 great many varieties as to form and length in these 

 articles), but the sole of the one here represented measures 

 about three inches across between the clips — the width of 

 several of the sandals. The Roman wheels of small 

 diameter and coarse workmanship would vary much in 

 the thickness of the felloes and width of the hoops, which 

 will readily account for the irregular width of many of 

 these so-called sandals, and also, perhaps, for their differ- 

 ence in shape. The increased thickness of sole in the 

 modern 'sufflamen' is rendered necessary by the much 

 greater weight of the waggons and the loads they are in- 

 tended to carry ; but the abundance of material, and the 

 facility with which our Vulcans can forge large masses of 

 iron, makes this of litde consequence, compared with the 

 difficulties the blacksmiths of eighteen centuries ago had 

 to contend with. It will be observed that this wheel- 

 sandal has an eyelet at each end, like the horse-sandal of 

 the second and third classes, for the attachment of a chain 

 which fastens it to the body of the vehicle. One of them 

 is higher than the other, and is the one to which the 

 chain is usually attached ; its elevation is intended to 

 throw the stress of wear on the middle of the sole, exactly 

 as it is in the solece ferrecF. The two clips on each side 



