438 HORSE-SHOES AND HORSE-SHOEING. 



From specimens I have examined belonging to this 

 period, it might be conduded that the weight of the shoes 

 continued gradually to increase, while the sizes and forms 

 occur in greater variety. Heavy armour and the tilting- 

 lance had not yet gone out of fashion, as the projecting 

 nail-heads and calkins sufficiently indicate. Some curious 

 specimens of shoes can be seen on the feet of the wooden 

 horses in the armour-gallery of the Tower of London ; 

 these, I understand, belong to Henry VIII.'s reign. 



It is somewhat astonishing that no toe-clips to prevent 

 displacement of the shoes have yet appeared. The speci- 

 men found at a depth of ten feet in the Walworth sewer 

 works in 1825, along with the bones of a horse, was pro- 

 bably made at this period. It has four nails on the outer 

 branch, and apparently only three on the inner, which 

 is much narrower towards the heel, as is often the case 

 now-a-days. There are calkins on both branches, and the 

 nail-head in the last inside hole projects nearly three- 

 eighths of an inch from the surface of the shoe (fig. 159). 



With the total extinction of 

 the French language in Britain, 



■^^^^vi^^Sli the designation of ' Marechal' 



also disappeared, or was used 

 but very rarely. The shoer of 

 horses was only known by that 

 of ' farrier,' a term that had, as 



we have seen, been employed 



fig- 159 



for centuries, and which was derived, no doubt, from the 

 Jerreiisfater of the Latins, or the Jabbro ferrario ovfer- 

 raro of the Italians. In Queen Elizabeth's annual ex- 

 penses — civil and military, we find that the Master of 



