446 HORSE-SHOES AND HORSE-SHOEING. 



nails {clous a glace), catches (crestes), points {barbettes), 

 and rings {annelets), sometimes added to the fore-shoes. 

 ' The calkins are useless on the fore-shoes, and they are 

 even hurtful to the jie?J\s (tendons) of the limb, and cause 

 the whole body to suffer pain. When we travel {cherancJie) 

 in mountainous or stony countries, it is far better to use a 

 Turkish shoe, which protects the heels like a shield. The 

 shoe to which is attached false nails ' {clous bastards), not 

 so high (in the head) as frost-nails, does not slip ; the 

 calkined shoe is apt to wound the horse when ridden ; the 



calkin a t Aragonaise is less dangerous All other 



accessories, such as frost-nails, crests, barbettes, and anne- 

 lets, ought not to be applied until after due deliberation, 

 for they are often more hurtful than useful.' 



Chapter VII. is devoted to the way in which the heels 

 and the frog {cartilage) should be pared, and the hoof 

 otherwise managed. ' The heel, with the cartilage or 

 tendron, named in Italian the "fetton" (frog), particularly 

 in the fore-feet, should be moderately pared or opened 

 {ouvert), according to the character of the hoofs ; if these 

 are not good, care should be taken not to weaken them 



too much by too great opening Besides, the 



cavalier should have removed from the toes of his horse's 

 feet as much horn as may be necessary to give them a 

 proper shape, which may easily be discovered by putting 

 the foot to the ground.' 



Chapter IX. relates to the form which the fore-shoes 

 should have. Usually, the fore-shoe should not project 

 beyond the toe of the hoof, except this part has been 



' It would appear that nail-heads alone were rivetted into the shoes 

 in places to prevent slipping. 



