LJFOSSES EVILS OF SHOEING. 475 



tween the bars of gates, in the draw-bridges of fortifica- 

 tions, or in heavy ground. 



'4. They move heavily, as the weight of their shoes 

 fatigues them. 



' 5. Long shoes with massive heels raise the frogs from 

 the ground, and prevent the horse walking on those parts. 

 Then, if the horse has a humour in the frog, it becomes a 

 ficthrush, or crapaud (canker), because the humour lodges 

 there. In shoeing with short shoes, the horse goes on 

 his frog, the humour is dissipated more easily, particularly 

 in the fore-feet, as the animal places more weight upon 

 them than the hind ones. 



' 6. Long shoes, thick at the heels, when put upon 

 feet which have low heels, bruise and bend them inwards, 

 and lame the horse, although the heel be sprung, and 

 when the foot is raised we can see daylight between the 

 shoe and the hoof; when it is on the ground, the heel 

 descends to the shoes, because the hoof is flexible. 



' 7. Shoes long and strong at the heels, when the foot 

 is pared, the frog being removed a long distance from the 

 ground, cause many accidents — such as the rupture or 

 straining of the flexor tendon, and compression of the 

 vascular sole, a circumstance not known until I pointed it 

 out. 



' 8. Long shoes cause horses to slip and fall, because 

 they act like a patten on the slippery pavement, as well in 

 summer as in winter. 



' 9. Long shoes are also injurious when horses lie like 

 a cow, in consequence of the heels wounding the elbows. 



'10. Calkins should not be used on paved roads; 

 they are only useful on ice or slippery ground {terre grasse). 



