476 HORSE-SHOES AND HORSE-SHOEING. 



' 11. The calkins on the inside heels are liable to 

 wound the coronets when the horse happens to cross his 

 feet. 



' 12. A horse shod with them is soon fatigued and 

 never goes easy. 



'13. The horse which has only a calkin on the out- 

 side does not stand fair, and the calkin confines the move- 

 ment of the coronary articulation, the foot being twisted 

 to one side. 



'14. If a horse has his feet pared and loses a shoe, he 

 cannot travel without breaking and bruising the wall, and 

 damaging the horny sole, because the horn is too thin to 

 protect it. 



'15. If the shoes are long, and the heels of the hoof 

 pared out hollow, stones and pebbles lodge between the 

 shoe and the sole, and make the horse lame. 



' 16. Flat feet become convex by hollowing the shoes 

 to relieve the heels and the frog, because the more the 

 shoes are arched from the sole, the more the wall of the 

 hoofs is squeezed and rolled inwards, particularly towards 

 the inner quarter, which is the weakest ; the sole of the 

 foot becomes convex, and the horse is nearly always unfit 

 for service. 



'17. If the wall of the hoof is thin and the shoes are 

 arched, the quarters are so pressed upon that the horse is 

 lame. 



* 18. Pared hoofs are exposed to considerable injury 

 from wounds by nails, stones, glass, etc. 



' 19. The pared sole readily picks up earth or sand, 

 which forms a kind of cement between it and the shoe, 

 and produces lameness. 



