520 HORSE-SHOES AND HORSE-SHOEING. 



by descending at the heels ;^ to preserve the sensible sole 

 from pressure, and (with its concavity) to form a con- 

 vexity towards the earth. 



' 8. The external bars are nothing more than a con- 

 tinuation of the crust, forming angles at the heels. 



' 9. The internal bars are a continuation of the laminae 

 of the crust, attached to the horny sole at the heels, 

 within the hoof; and that these insensible laminae are 

 intimately united with sensible laminated bars, connected 

 with the sensible sole. 



' 10. The use of the external bars is to preserve the 

 heels expanded ; and the use of the internal horny bars, 

 to prevent separation and dislocation of the horny sole 

 from the sensible sole. 



'11. The external frog is convex, and of an insensible, 

 horny, elastic nature. 



' 12. The internal sensible frog is of the same form, 

 very highly elastic, and united with two elastic cartilages. 



'13. Tlie frogs are not made to protect the tendon. 



' 14. The use of the frog is to prevent the horse from 

 slipping, by its convexity embracing the ground ; and 

 from the elasticity of the sensible and horny frogs, they 

 act as a spring to the animal, and keep expanded the heels. 



'15. The common practice of shoeing is, to cut the 

 frog and totally remove the bars. 



' 16. The removal of the bars and frog deprives these 

 organs of their natural function. 



' 17. The shoe commonly employed is thicker at the 

 heel than the toe. 



* The italics are my own, and are merely intended to indicate in 

 what respects Coleman probably or assuredly erred. 



