570 HORSE-SHOES AND HORSE-SHOEING. 



the action of caloric, the nails enter it with more facility, 

 the clips and inequalities are more easily incrusted, and 

 when it recovers its habitual consistency after cooling, 

 the union between it and the metallic parts which are in 

 juxtaposition, and which penetrate its substance, become 

 all the more intimate because of the slight contraction 

 that follows the dilatation produced by the caloric. In 

 these conditions, the horn contracts on the shanks of the 

 nails, ensheathing them still more firmly. Nothing like 

 this occurs in cold fitting. The shoe so fixed is held to 

 the hoof by the clenches alone, and, as often happens, 

 the coaptation between these two not being very intimate, 

 the branches of the shoe spring under the foot at each 

 step, the clenches are easily broken by this movement, 

 and the shoe is detached.' 



Professor Goyau is entirely in favour of the shoes 

 being fitted while in a hot state. 



It is impossible to notice all the new shoes introduced 

 in France. As in England, many of them were scarcely 

 submitted to trial before they failed ; others underwent a 

 longer ordeal, and gradually subsided into forgetfulness, 

 while the best-devised never attained to any degree of 

 popularity. In 1820, M. Sanfarouche introduced a shoe 

 which had its brief day. Believing in the expansion of 

 the foot to the same extent as did Bracy Clark, this device 

 was merely an English fullered shoe, or, as sometimes oc- 

 curred, one stamped in the French fashion. It was of the 

 same thickness throughout, was bevelled and seated like 

 the ordinary shoe in use in this country, and wider at the 

 heels than elsewhere, in order to facilitate the expansion 

 of the hoof. It was also narrow, to prevent slipping. A 



