598 



HORSE-SHOES AND HORSE-SHOEING. 



bearing upon the ground, and this bearing is interrupted 



by portions of the margin being 



cut away, so as to leave a central 



toe-calk, and two smaller calks 



on either side. The elevation 



^s- 199 of these calks is inconsiderable, 



and their general level is the same, so that they may be 



compared to a series of short claws on the under surface 



of the shoe (fig. 2,00). In the notches, or spaces between 



the calks, the nail-holes are bored 

 and covmter-sunk, so that the 

 nail-heads are completely buried 

 in the shoe. For frost, shoes 



\ p\\\v#^/ w 'inm I ^^^ made in which the calks 

 V\v4 .ff ^ mMIMI have no flat bearing, but are 



brought up to a feather-edge. 



The inner margin of the shoe is 

 thin, so that its outline passes insensibly into that of the 

 sole, and presents no projections by which stones or snow 

 can be retained.' A reference to our notice of Caesar 

 Fiaschi's work, and the drawings of shoes which he gives, 

 as well as the mention Blundevil makes of foreign shoes, 

 will be sufficient evidence to prove that these ground- 

 surface projections were in use in the i6th century, while 

 the shoe on which they were formed differs but little, if 

 at all, in principle from the one now under discussion. 



A reference also to Mr Goodwin's method of shoeing, 

 which was in use before 1821 — to Mr Mavor's and 

 Colonel Fitzwygram's shoes, — will likewise demonstrate 

 that there is nothing novel in the American shoe, so far 

 as either the ground or foot surface is concerned. Several 



