BOOKS. 23 



2. Incesso'res. — Perching birds, as thrushes, nightingales, 

 sparrows, larks, etc. 



3. Scanso'res. — Climbers, as parrots and woodpeckers. 



4. Raso'res. — Birds destined to obtain their subsistence from 

 the vegetable world, and to pass their time upon the 

 ground, rather than among trees or upon the wing, as 

 pigeons, fowls, pheasants, etc. 



5. Curso'res. — Birds whose wings are so little developed that 

 they are unable to fly, as the ostrich, cassowary, emu, etc. 



6. Grallato'res. — The stilt-walkers, including cranes, herons, 

 snipes, plovers, etc. 



7. Natato'res. — Web-footed birds, such as the swan, duck, 

 petrel, and gull. 



Ornithos'copy (Gr. amis, a bird, and skopeo, to observe). — 

 The art or practice of closely observing birds and their 

 habits. 



BOOKS. 



Bibliog''raphy (Gr. biblos, a book, and (/rapho, I write). — 



The knowledge of books as to their several editions, time 



of printing, and other information tending to illustrate 



the history of literature. 

 Cunab'ula. — The extant copies of the first or earliest printed 



books, or of such as were printed in the fifteenth century. 

 Bibliop'egy (Gr. hihlos, a book, and pe<jnuo, to make fast). — 



The art of hiiuling hooks. 

 Book'-binding. — The art by which printed sheets are folded, 



gathered, pressed, sewed together, shielded with mill-boards, 



and covered with leather or cloth. 

 Duodecimo. — A book in which a sheet is folded six times, so 



as to have twenty-four pages. Abbreviated to 12mo. 

 Folio. — A book of the largest size, formed by once doubling a 



sheet of paper. 

 Half-binding. — That style of binding in which only the back 



and corners are covered with leather, and the sides with 



paper or cloth. 

 Incunab'ula. — Books printed during the early period of the 



art, generally confined to those which were printed before 



the year 1500. 

 Octa'vo. — A book in which a sheet is folded into eight leaves 



or sixteen pages. Abbreviated to 8vo. 



