56 FORTIFICATION. 



moat or fosse, designed to receive the ruins of the rampart 

 and prevent -the earth from filling the fosse. 



Bon'net. — A small work comp(».sed of two faces, usually raised 

 Ijcfore the salient angle of the counterscarp. 



Breast'-Work. — Works thrown up to protect the besiegers 

 against the fire of the besieged. It takes its name from 

 its usual height. 



Bridge-head. — A fortification covering the extremity of a 

 bridge nearest the enemy. 



Cheval'-de-frise (plural, Chevaux'-de-frise). — A piece of 

 timber traversed with wooden spikes, pointed with iron, 

 five or six feet long, used to defend a passage, stop a breach, 

 or make a retrenchment to stop cavalry. 



Circumvalla'tion. — The ramparts surrounding a besieged place. 



Citadel. — A fort with four, five, or six bastions, raised on the 

 most advantageous ground about a city, the better to com- 

 mand it, and commonly divided from it by an esplanade, 

 the more effectually to hinder the approach of an enemy. 



Contravalla'tion. — A trench guarded with a parapet, formed 

 by the besiegers, between their camp and the place be- 

 sieged, to secure themselves and check sallies of the gar- 

 rison. 



Cor'beil. — A little basket, filled with earth, and set upon a 

 parapet, to shelter men from the fire of besiegers. 



Cor'don. — A row of stones projecting from the rampart, at the 

 basis of the parapet. 



Coun'terguard. — A small rampart or work raised before the 

 point of a bastion, consisting of two long faces parallel to 

 the faces of the bastion, making a salient angle to preserve 

 the bastion. 



Coun'terscarp. — The exterior talus or slope of the ditch, or 

 the talus that supports the earth of the covered way. 

 Often, the whole covered way, with its parapet and glacis. 



Crest. — The top line of a slope. 



Crown'-Work. — An outwork running into the field, consisting 

 of two demi-bastions at the extremes, and an entire bastion 

 in the middle, with curtains. It is designed to gain some 

 advantageous post, and cover the other works. 



Cur'tain. — That part of the rampart which is between the 

 flanks of two bastions. It is bordered with a parapet, be- 

 hind which the soldiers stand to fire on the covered way 

 and into the moat. 



