254 PARTICULAB LAMENESSES. ' 



becomes thickened, in other parts diminished, in structure ; 

 distended by synovia and exudation ; the articular cartilage 

 is removed by ulceration, or, in rheumatoid disease, converted 

 into the porcellaneous deposit ; the capsular ligament and 

 synovial membrane, with its fringes, becoming at the same time 

 loaded with calcareous matter. — (See Photo-lithograph, Plate 

 II., Fig. 1.) "When the cai-tilage is ulcerated, there is caries 

 of the heads of both scapula and humerus, and afterwards 

 anchylosis of the articulation! — CSee Photo- lithograph, Plate III., 

 Fig. 1.) 



At one time all obscure lamenesses in the fore extremity 

 were attributed to the shoulder, and one heard of nothing but 

 shoulder lameness. A reaction, however, took place, after 

 Turner re-discovered navicular disease, in favour of the latter, 

 which for many years bore the palm; but now these extreme 

 views have been much modified, although there are still some 

 who attribute everything to the foot, and others to the shoulder. 

 It must be understood, however, that there are shoulder as well 

 as foot lamenesses, and a proper diagnosis must be made of 

 each case by the practitioner, who, if enlightened, never weds 

 himself to the one theory or the other, but is guided by such 

 facts as present themselves to his notice. 



Diagnosis. — The gait of shoulder lameness is indicative of 

 the seat of disease. The patient does not carry his limb 

 grtraight forward, but with a rotatory motion, the limb being 

 thrown outwards, and the toe made to form the segment of a 

 circle ; in other words, he brings the leg forward with a sort of 

 sweep, and in some cases the toe of the foot is dragged or- 

 trailed alon<T the ground. In shoulder and knee lameness more 

 particularly, the signs of pain are more discernible during the 

 elevation of the foot from the ground ; whereas in foot and other 

 diseases below the knee, the converse is the rule. 



Upon manipulation, it will be discovered that pain, heat, and 

 swelling are present. In order to discover the sweUing, it will 

 he necessary to push the levator humeri muscle to one side. It 

 is but loosely attached to the shoulder joint, which it covers. 

 The next test is to take hold of the limb, and move it backward 

 and forward, to perform flexion and extension, when the animal 

 will shrink, and evince considerable pain. In some well-marked 

 cases the extension of the fore arm by the examiner will cause 



